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We estimate productivity costs attributable to time spent by a parent caring for a male child under the age of 18\u2009y with DBMD, with particular focus on female caregivers of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) who have already lost ambulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary caregivers of males with DBMD in the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance and Research Tracking Network (MD STAR<jats:italic>net<\/jats:italic>) were surveyed during 2011\u20132012 on family quality of life measures, including labor market outcomes. Of 211 respondents, 96 female caregivers of boys with DBMD were matched on state, year of survey, respondent's age, child's age, and number of minor children with controls constructed from Current Population Survey extracts. Regression analysis was used to estimate labor market outcomes and productivity costs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Caregivers of boys with DBMD worked 296\u2009h less per year on average than caregivers of unaffected children, translating to a $8816 earnings loss in 2020\u2009U.S. dollars. Caregivers of boys with DMD with \u22654\u2009y of ambulation loss had a predicted loss in annualized earnings of $23,995, whereas caregivers of boys with DBMD of the same ages who remained ambulatory had no loss of earnings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female caregivers of non\u2010ambulatory boys with DMD face additional household budget constraints through income loss. Failure to include informal care costs in economic studies could understate the societal cost\u2010effectiveness of strategies for managing DMD that might prolong ambulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:42:03Z","timestamp":1633394523000},"page":"717-725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Labor market participation and productivity costs for female caregivers of minor male children with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3505-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rieza H.","family":"Soelaeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8297-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Management and Policy, College of Public Health East Tennessee State University  Johnson City Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kashika","family":"Sahay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carter Consulting Inc  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3759-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Mick","family":"Tilford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4642-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Goodenough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education  Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0289-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pangaja","family":"Paramsothy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9309-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijing","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6924-2508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce","family":"Oleszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Children's Hospital Colorado  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1078-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott D.","family":"Grosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsg038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-014-0210-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23865"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490712200102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20140194"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Psychological and practical difficulties among parents and healthy siblings of children with Duchenne vs. Becker muscular dystrophy: an Italian comparative study","volume":"33","author":"Magliano L","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Myol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-005-4870-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2010.00930.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2011.628738"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810389043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-016-0782-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13934"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8080-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000669"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-017-0631-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The experience of parents of adult sons with Duchenne muscular dystrophy regarding their prolonged roles as primary caregivers: a serial qualitative study","volume":"26","author":"Yamaguchi M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-019-00782-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23942"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20279"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2044"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0612-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073817701368"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Census Bureau.Design and Methodology: Current Population Survey.2006.Technical Paper 66.https:\/\/www.census.gov\/prod\/2006pubs\/tp-66.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","unstructured":"NBER.2011Current Population Survey March Supplement. 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