{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:57:30Z","timestamp":1793041050893,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diaphragm ultrasound is increasingly used in the diagnosis of diaphragm dysfunction and to guide respiratory management in patients with neuromuscular disorders and those who are critically ill. However, the association between diaphragm ultrasound variables and demographic factors like age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) are understudied. Such relationships are important for correct interpretation of normative values and comparison with selected patients groups. The aim of this study was to determine the associations between diaphragm ultrasound variables and subject characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      B\u2010mode ultrasound was used to image the diaphragm at the zone of apposition in 83 healthy subjects. Diaphragm thickness at resting end\u2010expiration (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>end\u2010exp<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), diaphragm thickness at maximal end\u2010inspiration (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max\u2010insp<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), diaphragm thickening ratio (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max\u2010insp<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>end\u2010exp<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and diaphragm echogenicity were measured. Multivariate linear regression was used to explore the associations between diaphragm ultrasound variables and subject characteristics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>end\u2010exp<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max\u2010insp<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and thickening ratio do not change with age whereas diaphragm echogenicity increases with age. The thickening ratio had a weak negative association with BMI, while\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>end\u2010exp<\/jats:sub>\n                      was positively associated with BMI. Men had a larger\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>end\u2010exp<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max\u2010insp<\/jats:sub>\n                      than women (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>end\u2010exp<\/jats:sub>\n                      1.6\u00a0\u00b1\u20090.5 and 1.4\u00a0\u00b1\u20090.3\u2009mm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009.011,\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max\u2010insp<\/jats:sub>\n                      3.8\u00a0\u00b1\u20091.0 and 3.2\u00a0\u00b1\u20090.9\u2009mm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009.004), but similar thickening ratios.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diaphragm thickness, thickening, and echogenicity measured with ultrasound are associated with factors such as age, BMI, and sex. Therefore, subject characteristics should be considered when interpreting diaphragm ultrasound measurements. In the absence of normative values, matched control groups are a prerequisite for research and in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T06:59:39Z","timestamp":1652857179000},"page":"197-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Association of diaphragm thickness and echogenicity with age, sex, and\n                    <scp>body mass index<\/scp>\n                    in healthy subjects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9374-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen L. M.","family":"van Doorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5140-0683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juerd","family":"Wijntjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiaan G. J.","family":"Saris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coen A. C.","family":"Ottenheijm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Amsterdam University Medical Center  VUmc The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7839-8125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nens","family":"van Alfen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonne","family":"Doorduin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2206020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30366-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05892-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00137-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000589"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.11.2353"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.34.7.1191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2012.729595"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03938-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2019.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04316-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"KooragayaluS LimL AldrichTK.Diaphragm thickness and function in obese individuals. 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