{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:23:23Z","timestamp":1761582203517,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GL015\\1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GL015\\1001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007155","name":"Medical Research Council Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Confidence in Concept MC_PC_15034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Confidence in Concept MC_PC_15034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique for the evaluation of muscle disease. In this study we evaluate the ability of <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> intramuscular Raman spectroscopy to detect the effects of voluntary running in the <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We also compare <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> data with muscle spectra from human DMD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty 90\u2010day\u2010old <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice were randomly allocated to an exercised group (48\u2010hour access to a running wheel) and an unexercised group (n\u00a0=\u00a015 per group). <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> Raman spectra were collected from both gastrocnemius muscles and histopathological assessment subsequently performed. Raman data were analyzed using principal component analysis\u2013fed linear discriminant analysis (PCA\u2010LDA). Exercised and unexercised <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> muscle spectra were compared with human DMD samples using cosine similarity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exercised mice ran an average of 6.5\u00a0km over 48\u2009hours, which induced a significant increase in muscle necrosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.03). PCA\u2010LDA scores were significantly different between the exercised and unexercised groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.0001) and correlated significantly with distance run (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.01). Raman spectra from exercised mice more closely resembled human spectra than those from unexercised mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Raman spectroscopy provides a readout of the biochemical alterations in muscle in both the <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mouse and human DMD muscle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T11:44:43Z","timestamp":1656416683000},"page":"362-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fiber optic Raman spectroscopy for the evaluation of disease state in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: An assessment using the <i>mdx<\/i> model and human muscle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8391-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James J. P.","family":"Alix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Plesia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Hool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Coldicott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Research Unit Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Gloucester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Shaw DBE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interface Analysis Centre, School of Physics University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00413"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac503647x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8311-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00794"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN01932E"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00850F"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.035774"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"RRN1295","article-title":"Voluntary wheel running in dystrophin\u2010deficient (mdx) mice: relationships between exercise parameters and exacerbation of the dystrophic phenotype","volume":"3","author":"Smythe GM","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Curr."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.274.4.C1138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79168-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-150106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00694.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4821fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"GroundsM.Quantification of histopathology in haemotoxylin and eosin stained muscle sections. 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