{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T21:55:11Z","timestamp":1785794111666,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuromuscular ultrasound has become an integral part of the diagnostic workup of neuromuscular disorders at many centers. Despite its growing utility, uniform standard scanning techniques do not currently exist. Scanning approaches for similar diseases vary in the literature creating heterogeneity in the studies as reported in several meta\u2010analysis. Moreover, neuromuscular ultrasound experts including the group in this study have different views with regards to technical aspects, scanning protocols, and the parameters that should be assessed. Establishing standardized neuromuscular scanning protocols is essential for the development of the subspeciality to ensure uniform clinical and research practices. Therefore, we aimed to recommend consensus\u2010based standardized scanning techniques and protocols for common neuromuscular disorders using the Delphi approach. A panel of 17 experts participated in the study, which consisted of three consecutive electronic surveys. The first survey included voting on six scanning protocols addressing the general scanning technique and five common categories of suspected neuromuscular disorders. The subsequent surveys focused on refining the protocols and voting on new steps, rephrased statements, or areas of non\u2010agreement. A high degree of consensus was achieved on the general neuromuscular ultrasound scanning technique and the scanning protocols for focal mononeuropathies, brachial plexopathies, polyneuropathies, amyotophic lateral sclerosis, and muscle diseases. In this study, a group of neuromuscular ultrasound experts developed six consensus\u2010based neuromuscular ultrasound scanning protocols that may serve as references for clinicians and researchers. The standardized protocols could also aid in achieving high\u2010quality uniform neuromuscular ultrasound practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T13:24:29Z","timestamp":1681910669000},"page":"375-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Neuromuscular ultrasound standardized scanning techniques and protocols: Expert panel recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3964-5442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman A.","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Cartwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7839-8125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nens","family":"van Alfen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubertus","family":"Axer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital Friedrich Schiller University  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J.","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8040-9487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Austin Health and University of Melbourne  Heidelberg Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Hospital Tuebingen  Tuebingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa D.","family":"Hobson\u2010Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division Duke University School of Medicine  Durham North Carolina 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarada","family":"Sakamuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nortina","family":"Shahrizaila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2275-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mount Sinai School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Shook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Center Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einar","family":"Wilder\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Kantonsspital  Lucerne Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Berne  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis O.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina 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