{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:50:37Z","timestamp":1786978237097,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electromyography (EMG) remains a key component of the diagnostic work\u2010up for suspected neuromuscular disease, but it does not provide insight into the molecular composition of muscle which can provide diagnostic information. Raman spectroscopy is an emerging neuromuscular biomarker capable of generating highly specific, molecular fingerprints of tissue. Here, we present \u201coptical EMG,\u201d a combination of EMG and Raman spectroscopy, achieved using a single needle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An optical EMG needle was created to collect electrophysiological and Raman spectroscopic data during a single insertion. We tested functionality with in vivo recordings in the SOD1\n                      <jats:sup>G93A<\/jats:sup>\n                      mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), using both transgenic (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) and non\u2010transgenic (NTg,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097) mice. Under anesthesia, compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs), spontaneous EMG activity and Raman spectra were recorded from both gastrocnemius muscles with the optical EMG needle. Standard concentric EMG needle recordings were also undertaken. Electrophysiological data were analyzed with standard univariate statistics, Raman data with both univariate and multivariate analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A significant difference in CMAP amplitude was observed between SOD1\n                      <jats:sup>G93A<\/jats:sup>\n                      and NTg mice with optical EMG and standard concentric needles (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.015 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.011, respectively). Spontaneous EMG activity (positive sharp waves) was detected in transgenic SOD1\n                      <jats:sup>G93A<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice only. Raman spectra demonstrated peaks associated with key muscle components. Significant differences in molecular composition between SOD1\n                      <jats:sup>G93A<\/jats:sup>\n                      and NTg muscle were identified through the Raman spectra.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optical EMG can provide standard electrophysiological data and molecular Raman data during a single needle insertion and represents a potential biomarker for neuromuscular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T08:39:25Z","timestamp":1689928765000},"page":"464-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Combining\n                    <scp>electromyography<\/scp>\n                    and Raman spectroscopy: optical EMG"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8391-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James J. P.","family":"Alix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"},{"name":"Cross\u2010Faculty Neuroscience Institute University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Plesia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8925-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"},{"name":"Cross\u2010Faculty Neuroscience Institute University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3207-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"},{"name":"Cross\u2010Faculty Neuroscience Institute University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1719-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C. C.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interface Analysis Centre, School of Physics University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199812)21:12<1806::AID-MUS31>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702818791939"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00559-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac503647x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00794"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00198"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01019G"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00413"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27671"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.6273"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN01932E"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1366\/12-06651"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4540"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023244"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2021.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2007.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI99081"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820510026162"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107918"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00620-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701517114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199710)20:10<1225::AID-MUS3>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","volume-title":"Design of the Neuroline Concentric EMG Needle A Multicentre, Post\u2010marketing Study","author":"Ambu","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138362"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.07.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00831"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201404433"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12483"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(02)00098-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02765.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/78B3M0TGJYT4RUUM"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"In vivo Raman spectroscopy for biochemical monitoring of the human cervix throughout pregnancy","volume":"218","author":"O'Brien CM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.6.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c00204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.26.3.036002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201800396"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201500204"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; 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