{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:49:39Z","timestamp":1789390179730,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008001","name":"Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Daily intramuscular injections of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) but not of brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) significantly improve whisking behavior and mono\u2010innervation of the rat levator labii superioris (LLS) muscle 56\u2009days after buccal nerve transection and suture (buccal\u2013buccal anastomosis, BBA). We explored the dose\u2013response of BDNF, FGF2, and insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) on the same parameters, asking whether higher doses of BDNF would promote recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>After BBA, growth factors were injected (30\u2009\u03bcL volume) daily into the LLS muscle over 14, 28, or 56\u2009days. At 56\u2009days, video\u2010based motion analysis of vibrissal whisking was performed and the extent of mono\u2010 and poly\u2010reinnervation of the reinnervated neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of the muscle determined with immunostaining of the nerve with \u03b2\u2010tubulin and histochemical staining of the endplates with Alexa Fluor 488\u2010conjugated \u03b1\u2010bungarotoxin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The dose\u2013response curve demonstrated significantly higher whisking amplitudes and corresponding increased mono\u2010innervation of the NMJ in the reinnervated LLS muscle at concentrations of 20\u201330\u2009\u03bcg\/mL BDNF administered daily for 14\u201328\u2009days after BBA surgery. In contrast, high doses of IGF2 and FGF2, or doses of 20 and 40\u2009\u03bcg\/mL of BDNF administered for 14\u201356\u2009days had no effect on either whisking behavior or in reducing poly\u2010reinnervation of endplates in the muscle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data suggest that the re\u2010establishment of mono\u2010innervation of whiskerpad muscles and the improved motor function by injections of BDNF into the paralyzed vibrissal musculature after facial nerve injury have translation potential and promote clinical application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T10:19:21Z","timestamp":1707387561000},"page":"490-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Appropriate dosage, timing, and site of intramuscular injections of brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (<scp>BDNF)<\/scp> promote motor recovery after facial nerve injury in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-9320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svenja","family":"Rink\u2010Notzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannika","family":"Reuscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy II University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Wollny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy II University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levent","family":"Sarikcioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Akdeniz University  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