{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:34:10Z","timestamp":1793363650893,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020950","name":"Department of Pathology, Northwestern University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) is a type I interferon (IFN1) pathway activation marker and MxA sarcoplasmic expression is currently recognized as a highly specific marker for dermatomyositis (DM). However, we have frequently observed endothelial tubuloreticular inclusions (TRI), another surrogate IFN1 activation marker, in a variety of overlap myositides. The aim of this study was to examine MxA expression in those myositides.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively performed MxA immunostaining on a wide range of myositides.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MxA sarcoplasmic expression was present in DM (94.4%, 17\/18), active lupus myositis (LM, 80%,16\/20), inactive LM (36%, 4\/11), antisynthetase syndrome (ASyS, 20%, 2\/10), systemic sclerosis (13%, 2\/15), Sjogren's syndrome (7.7%, 1\/13), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) myositis (5.6%, 1\/18) and was absent in immune\u2010mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM, 0\/16) and hydroxychloroquine myopathy (0\/5). The sensitivity and specificity of MxA sarcoplasmic expression for LM and DM combined compared with all other myositides were 84.6% (95% CI: 69.5\u201394.1) and 92.1 (95% CI: 83.6\u201397.0), respectively, and superior to TRIs. MxA capillary expression was nonspecific. Histologically, 35% of LM cases demonstrated a unique panfascicular necrotizing myopathy pattern. The remainder of the LM cases had significant morphological overlap with DM\/ASyS (20%), IMNM (20%), or polymyositis (15%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MxA sarcoplasmic expression is highly prevalent in LM and DM and is a useful marker in differentiating DM and LM from other myositides. LM can manifest in various pathology patterns that need to be differentiated from DM, IMNM, ASyS, and polymyositis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T10:38:35Z","timestamp":1708339115000},"page":"548-555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["<scp>Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA)<\/scp> expression in myositides: Sarcoplasmic expression is common in both dermatomyositis and lupus myositis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5244-4437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changhong","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Utah School of Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah 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