{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T22:44:35Z","timestamp":1787957075807,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) has been linked to motor function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, quantification of the relationship between ALMI and disease\u2010specific clinical outcome assessment trajectories is needed. The purpose of this study was to determine associations between dual\u2010energy x\u2010ray absorptiometry (DXA) derived estimates of ALMI and motor function in ambulatory patients with DMD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective analysis of longitudinal clinical visit data from 137 glucocorticoid\u2010treated patients with DMD collected via structured motor assessment protocol evaluated associations between ALMI and motor function indexed by the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) and 10 Meter Walk\/run Test (10MWT). Body composition was assessed using DXA. ALMI was calculated by dividing arm and leg lean mass by height in m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; fat mass index (FMI) was calculated by dividing whole body fat mass by height in m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Linear mixed\u2010effects models were used to estimate associations between ALMI and motor function, controlling for age and FMI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The full prediction model (age, age,<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> ALMI, and FMI) explained 57% of the variance in NSAA scores and 63% of the variance in 10MWT speed. A 1\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> higher ALMI value predicted a 5.4\u2010point higher NSAA score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and 0.45\u2009m\/s faster 10MWT speed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). A 1\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> higher FMI value predicted a 1.5\u2010point lower NSAA score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and 0.14 meters\/second slower 10MWT speed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>DXA\u2010derived estimates of ALMI and FMI are associated with motor function in DMD and may explain variation in DMD disease progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T10:39:35Z","timestamp":1717583975000},"page":"226-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Appendicular lean mass index and motor function in ambulatory patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-2592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, MGH Institute of Health Professions  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy College of Health Professions, Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, MGH Institute of Health Professions  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celina","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Courtney","family":"Shellenbarger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perman","family":"Gochyyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, MGH Institute of Health Professions  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(18)30024\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010021\u201000248\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003725.pub4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164684"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232870"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2022.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp\u20102014\u2010309405"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration.Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Related Dystrophinopathies: Developing Drugs for Treatment Guidance for Industry.2018Accessed March 1 2023.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/92233\/download"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201023072\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA)\u00a92017. 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