{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:23:32Z","timestamp":1792427012186,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction\/<jats:bold>Aims<\/jats:bold>\n<\/jats:title><jats:p>VAChT\u2010Cre is a transgenic mouse line targeting slow\u2010twitch fatigue\u2010resistant and fast\u2010twitch fatigue\u2010resistant motor neurons that innervate oxidative type I and type IIa muscle fibers. To ablate these neurons, VAChT\u2010Cre mice were crossbred with NSE\u2010DTA mice, leading to the expression of diphtheria toxin A after Cre\u2010mediated excision. The resulting VAChT\u2010Cre;NSE\u2010DTA mice exhibited motor deficits, abnormal locomotion, muscular atrophy, and tremor, making them a useful model for studying motor neuron physiology and pathology. In this study, we conducted a kinematic analysis to examine their abnormal locomotor phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The quadrupedal walking of VAChT\u2010Cre;NSE\u2010DTA and control mice along a 500\u2009mm acrylic tunnel was analyzed using an X\u2010ray fluoroscopic system. Stride duration, stride length, footfall patterns, and limb and trunk kinematics were quantified and compared between the two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results demonstrated that VAChT\u2010Cre;NSE\u2010DTA mice walked more slowly than control mice (99.2\u2009\u00b1\u200943.5\u2009mm\/s vs. 120.5\u2009\u00b1\u200927.0\u2009mm\/s) and had a longer cycle duration (0.54\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19\u2009s vs. 0.41\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09\u2009s). In addition, the hindlimb was comparatively more flexed during the stance phase, the trunk was more rounded and humpbacked, and the cervix was lower in VAChT\u2010Cre;NSE\u2010DTA mice than in the control mice during locomotion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These characteristic differences in the gait kinematics might be attributed to a malfunctioning of the motor units with slow\u2010twitch fatigue\u2010resistant and fast\u2010twitch fatigue\u2010resistant types in VAChT\u2010Cre;NSE\u2010DTA mice. The basic description of the locomotor characteristics of this transgenic mouse line may serve as a basis for future comparative analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T10:53:36Z","timestamp":1734519216000},"page":"257-264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["X\u2010Ray Fluoroscopy\u2010Based Kinematic Analysis of Quadrupedal Locomotion in Slow and Fast Fatigue\u2010Resistant Motor Neuron\u2010Deleted Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Ayumu","family":"Ono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University  Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daijiro","family":"Inomata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Ohgaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tenkei","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0235-3478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akiteru","family":"Maeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Genetics  Mishima Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidemi","family":"Misawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomichi","family":"Ogihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University  Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gene.10224"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.22979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23\u201036\u201011411.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2005.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047553"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616832113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201031579\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359\u2010004\u20100545\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2682"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001710303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052210207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.017640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1975.55.2.247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00216.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.118711"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171086"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.28324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T13:52:19Z","timestamp":1736344339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.28324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.28324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.28324","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}