{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T20:02:17Z","timestamp":1781294537977,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>A unifying mechanistic cause for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains uncertain. Multiple pathophysiological processes appear to occur simultaneously. Cannabinoids, including delta\u20109\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), and others found in cannabis, and cannabis extracts (CEs), appear to have activity in these pathogenic pathways, which have led to increasing interest in cannabinoids as therapeutic agents for ALS. The use of cannabinoids as a treatment strategy is substantiated by preclinical evidence suggesting a role for the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in ALS and other neurodegenerative disorders. Preclinical data indicate that cannabis and CEs have powerful antioxidative, anti\u2010inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects in the <jats:italic>SOD1<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sup>\n<jats:italic>G93A<\/jats:italic>\n<\/jats:sup> mouse model of ALS. The use of CEs in <jats:italic>SOD1<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sup>\n<jats:italic>G93A<\/jats:italic>\n<\/jats:sup> murine models has been shown to prolong neuronal cell survival, which leads to delayed onset of the disease state, and slows progression of the disease. Although research in humans remains limited, a few studies suggest that cannabis and CBD, in humans, provide benefits for both motor symptoms, including rigidity, cramps, and fasciculations, and non\u2010motor symptoms including sleep quality, pain, emotional state, quality of life, and depression. There remains a need for further, well\u2010designed clinical trials to validate further the use of an individual cannabinoid, or a combination of cannabinoids, as a disease\u2010modifying therapy for ALS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T09:49:29Z","timestamp":1739353769000},"page":"7-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, the Endocannabinoid System, and Exogenous Cannabinoids: Current State and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis T.","family":"Denton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane  Spokane Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine &amp; Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane  Spokane Washington USA"},{"name":"Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane  Spokane Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7617-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory T.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine &amp; Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane  Spokane Washington USA"},{"name":"Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane  Spokane Washington USA"},{"name":"Providence St. Luke's Rehabilitation Medical Center  Spokane Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Goddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane  Spokane Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas L.","family":"Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine Washington State University Health Sciences  Spokane Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Weydt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan B.","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CReDO Science  Vashon Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4064-1032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael D.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(22)01272\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51821"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311\u2010016\u20100508\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.747229"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000744"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_45_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00424"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111408459"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.09.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0256-18.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.10.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61663-2_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115431"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/412354"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology","author":"Woodhams S. G.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph0567s69"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14639"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17482960902977954"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05\u20104743fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820510030149"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820310016813"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102377\u20106\u201012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20104159.2004.02544.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20104159.2006.04346.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.028373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481\u2010015\u20109602\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12972"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01398.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306707101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110813200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03380.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv477"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.029058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104990910402100206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1443-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(18)30406\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201066879\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2005.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.1.1.6568"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102019\u2010029449"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476\u20105381.2011.01238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111267"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2014.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.883987"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2023.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.200642"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/1228194"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","volume-title":"Cannabis and ALS","author":"Strachan S.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","volume-title":"Cannabis for ALS: More Science is Needed, but Some Say it Offers Relief","author":"Gang J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","volume-title":"How Does Cannabis Impact the Progression of ALS?","author":"Rough L.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","volume-title":"Using Cannabis for ALS: Benefits, Research and Best Strains","author":"Medic M.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology","author":"Pryce G.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28237686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527311201070933"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Services USDoHaH","author":"Food and Drug Administration","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.28359","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T07:19:16Z","timestamp":1749107956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.28359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.28359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.28359","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}