{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T01:57:59Z","timestamp":1793843879092,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":242,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a chronic regional pain condition characterized by trigger points\u2014hyperirritable spots within taut bands of muscle fibers that cause both localized and referred pain. The pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and classification of MPS are still under investigation, which complicates the development of standardized treatment protocols. Although diagnostic tools have improved, MPS often remains underrecognized due to symptom overlap with other pain disorders, such as fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, and joint disorders. Factors contributing to its onset and persistence include muscle overuse, postural imbalance, systemic conditions, and psychological and behavioral influences. This narrative review explores the primary risk factors, current hypotheses on pathogenesis, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and both conventional and emerging treatments. Sufficient evidence supports the use of local anesthetic injections for MPS. Some evidence suggests that dry needling, acupuncture, magnetic stimulation, ultrasound therapy, laser therapy, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, and manual therapy may be effective, particularly compared to sham or placebo. However, non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs, diclofenac, botulinum toxin, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation show insufficient evidence, while the effectiveness of muscle relaxants, antidepressants, gabapentin, opioids, topical lidocaine, capsaicin, EMLA cream, and kinesio taping remains inconclusive. Effective management of MPS requires a patient\u2010centered approach that integrates empirically supported and evidence\u2010based treatments tailored to individual needs. This review synthesizes the current understanding of MPS and highlights the need for high\u2010quality research to improve clinical decision\u2010making in managing this complex condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T07:14:43Z","timestamp":1742454883000},"page":"889-910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Myofascial Pain Syndrome: An Update on Clinical Characteristics, Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6697-9069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy P.","family":"Steen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9257-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kishore S.","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinesh","family":"Kumbhare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J094v04n01_07"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","volume-title":"Travell, Simons & Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction the Trigger Point Manual","author":"Donnelly J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx207"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916\u2010010\u20100141\u20107"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Epidemiology of Myofascial Pain, Low Back Pain, Morning Stiffness and Sleep\u2010Related Complaints in the General Population","volume":"3","author":"Drewes A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.937.627"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.8.528"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Prevalence of Myofascial Pain in General Internal Medicine Practice","volume":"151","author":"Skootsky S. A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304\u20103959(86)90074\u20106"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"A Study of 96 Subjects Examined Both for Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain","volume":"3","author":"Gerwin R.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508\u2010199906000\u201000013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw114"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181c4904a"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23825"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","volume-title":"The Upper Half of Body","author":"Simons D. G.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2007.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","volume-title":"Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual","author":"Travell J. G.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-92"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.23.2.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2006.12.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"Identification of Myofascial Trigger Point Syndromes: A Case of Atypical Facial Neuralgia","volume":"62","author":"Travell J.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/berh.1999.0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J094v01n03_08"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-023-00792-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.23.3.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/106698106790819991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/cmrp.cmrp_41_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-05468-6_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00074-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2008.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00100-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2008.01932.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Myofascial Pain Syndrome: Physical Activity, Nutrition and Health","volume":"7","author":"Lalchhuanawma A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S55598"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V36N1p43"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2018.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(85)90364-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/523924"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw300"},{"issue":"176","key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","first-page":"1937","article-title":"Observations on Referred Pain Arising From Muscle","volume":"3","author":"Kellgren J.","year":"1938","journal-title":"Clinical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/90.3.481"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90064-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90027-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00727.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","first-page":"260","article-title":"New Explanation for Muscle Damage as a Result of Static Loads in the Neck and Shoulder","volume":"4","author":"H\u00e4gg G.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arbete Manniska Miljo"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1965.28.3.599"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"Initial Events in Exercise\u2010Induced Muscular Injury","volume":"22","author":"Armstrong R.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"The Cinderella Hypothesis. Chronic Work\u2010Related Myalgia","author":"H\u00e4gg G.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Electromyographical kinesiology","author":"H\u00e4gg G.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00312838"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000276"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.3.R917"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200507000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J094v08n03_07"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.06.016"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_61_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Myofascial Pain in Different Occupational Groups With Monotonous Repetitive Work","volume":"3","author":"Andersen J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J094v09n03_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90371-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199310000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200203000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2003.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00186"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_1","first-page":"640","volume-title":"Myofascial Pain","author":"Weller J. L.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-013-0395-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4382-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.07.007"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_15_74_1","first-page":"501","article-title":"New Trends in Myofascial Pain Syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Hong C.\u2010Z.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi= Chinese Medical Journal; Free China Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0347-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00419.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-003-0057-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0535"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0352-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002520"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12780"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02530068"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_85_1","article-title":"Acupuncture for Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Network Meta\u2010Analysis of 33 Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"20","author":"Li X.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000459"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_87_1","first-page":"620","article-title":"Re: Signs and Symptoms of Myofascial Pain: An International Survey of Pain Management Providers and Proposed Preliminary Set of Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"17","author":"Rathbone A. T. L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-01024-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000560"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00357"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2000.00526.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S109038"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000689"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12597"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx315"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2020.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2018-0087"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0076"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/98504520"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2009.01960.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14308"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.2017024947"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000376"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.911"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-0960-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0161734612472408"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181bad736"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000875"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_113_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"A Comparison of the Clinical Manifestation and Pathophysiology of Myofascial Pain Syndrome and Fibromyalgia: Implications for Differential Diagnosis and Management","volume":"62","author":"Bourgaize S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2016.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_116_1","first-page":"319","volume-title":"2016 Revisions to the 2010\/2011 Fibromyalgia Diagnostic Criteria","author":"Wolfe F.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20140"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00506-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_119_1","unstructured":"M. J.Schneider \u201cTender Points\u2010Fibromyalgice vs. Trigger Points\u2010Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Need for Clarity in Terminology and Differential Diagnosis\/MJ Schneider \u201d1995."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-001-0052-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001024"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-27458-8_32"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/jmt.2006.14.4.125E"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(02)00005-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157015906778019536"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1984.tb00548.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_128_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Muscle\u2010Related Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"13","author":"Stohler C. S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Orofacial Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00546"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10582450802162059"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0251-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-072116-031121"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2023.100117"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-009-9659-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2483062112"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2021.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.28.2.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.34835"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.121.000998"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_141_1","article-title":"Cyclobenzaprine for the Treatment of Myofascial Pain in Adults","author":"Leite F. M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_142_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Adding Pharmacologic Treatment With Clonazepam or Cyclobenzaprine to Patient Education and Self\u2010Care for the Treatment of Jaw Pain Upon Awakening: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"16","author":"Herman C. R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Orofacial Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.963"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S461032"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2002\/5\/422"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_146_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Efficacyof Tizanidine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Myofascial Face Pain","volume":"95","author":"Manfredini D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Minerva Medica"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211022197"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10582452.2012.740181"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.05.023"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_150_1","first-page":"466","article-title":"Efficacy of Fixed Dose Combination of Chlorzoxazone, Aceclofenac and Paracetamol Versus Thiocolchicoside and Aceclofenac in Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Randomised Clinical Study","volume":"28","author":"Patil S. R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internal Medicine Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaomr.jiaomr_100_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1388922"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_153_1","article-title":"Nortriptyline for Neuropathic Pain in Adults","author":"Derry S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_15_154_1","article-title":"Amitriptyline for Neuropathic Pain and Fibromyalgia in Adults","author":"Moore R. A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2000.00087.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2000.00572.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1886"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.04.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199141030-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1994.1406401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00025-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740410007032"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2015\/2203"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1408"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-197918060-00001"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_167_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"A Comparison of the Efficacy of Dry Needling, Lidocaine Injection, and Oral Flurbiprofen Treatments in Patients With Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Double\u2010Blind (For Injection, Groups Only), randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"28","author":"Ero\u011flu P. K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-009-0016-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/denthyp.denthyp_112_21"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_170_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"A Controlled Evaluation of Ibuprofen and Diazepam for Chronic Orofacial Muscle Pain","volume":"11","author":"Singer E.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Orofacial Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.1.2.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7954291"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2018.05.004"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_15_175_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"A Comparison of the Quality of Life in Myofascial Pain Syndrome Patients Treated With the Court\u2010Type Traditional Thai Massage and Topical Diclofenac","volume":"29","author":"Boonruab J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Health Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-06116-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3182645d30"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2014.982704"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12017"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer260"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_182_1","first-page":"432","article-title":"Creme T\u00f3pico de Capsaicina (8%) Para o Tratamento da S\u00edndrome da dor Miofascial","volume":"69","author":"Romero V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12611"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2881-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjao.2023.100141"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-32"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2020\/23\/E441"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab188"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2277"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12960"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000681"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11080459"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_193_1","first-page":"e152","article-title":"Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Symptomatic Pelvic Floor Myofascial Pain in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Meister M. R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urogynecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2016.08.022"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_15_195_1","article-title":"Botulinum Toxin for Myofascial Pain Syndromes in Adults","author":"Soares A. P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_196_1","unstructured":"Association APT \u201cBilling of Dry Needling by Physical Therapists. Official Statement \u201d2014."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_197_1","first-page":"402","article-title":"Dry Needling for Myofascial Trigger Point Pain: A Clinical Commentary","volume":"10","author":"Unverzagt C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4668"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103300"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sjoralsci.sjoralsci_14_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(16)30001-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_203_1","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Understandings of Acupuncture Application and Mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Lin J.\u2010G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Translational Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_204_1","first-page":"1324","article-title":"Acupuncture for Lumbar Myofascial Pain Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Zhang R.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu= Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028838"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102297"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2016-011176"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1719"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/204946370700100103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06418-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/jrcm.32240"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_212_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Study on the Effect of Two Different Treatments (FREMS AND TENS) in Myofascial Pain Syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Farina S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_213_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Comparison of Non\u2010invasive and Invasive Techniques in the Treatment of Patients With Myofascial Pain Syndrome","volume":"21","author":"G\u00fcl K.","year":"2009","journal-title":"A\u01e7r\u0131"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01000164"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199806010-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00367-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0642-1"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_15_218_1","first-page":"712","article-title":"Study on the Therapeutic Effect of Different Magnetic Stimulation Pelvic Floor Modes on Perimenopausal Myofascial Pelvic Pain Syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Wang L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chongqing Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.ceog5005100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90289-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000210"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_222_1","first-page":"190","article-title":"Efficacy of Conventional Ultrasound Therapy on Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Placebo Controlled Study","volume":"27","author":"KavadaR G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1580"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01910-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.921"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061724"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-022-03626-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2032"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/2595-0118.20230014-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000860"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_231_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.06.059"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_232_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy on Pain and Function in Myofascial Pain Syndrome","volume":"103","author":"Avenda\u00f1o\u2010L\u00f3pez C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_233_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001493"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_234_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019085"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.02.013"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_236_1","first-page":"336","article-title":"Effectiveness of Manual Trigger Point Therapy in Patients With Myofascial Trigger Points in the Orofacial Region\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"M\u00fcggenborg F.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lifestyles"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001079"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_238_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab224"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_239_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2019.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_240_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2020.1822618"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_241_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2530"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_242_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519826267"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_243_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19044\/esj.2018.v14n6p336"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.28377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T09:22:06Z","timestamp":1748251326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.28377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"references-count":242,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.28377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.28377","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}