{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:27:09Z","timestamp":1785353229474,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Muscle biopsy performed to investigate weakness and\/or pain may be nondiagnostic and prompt repeat biopsy. We determined the indications and yield of rebiopsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients who underwent &gt;\u20091 muscle biopsy (South Australia, 2000\u20132023) were identified. Biopsy indication and histological diagnosis at initial (B1) and subsequent (B2) biopsy were documented. Two histological outcomes were defined: change from non\u2010specific (B1) to specific diagnosis (B2) (Outcome 1) or change in specific diagnosis (Outcome 2). Clinical records were reviewed to determine if rebiopsy affected clinical decision making.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeat biopsies accounted for 112\/3089 (3.6%) of biopsies. The main indications for repeating a biopsy were specific diagnostic query (36\/112, 32.1%), most commonly inclusion body myositis (IBM) or genetic myopathy, and unexpected clinical trajectory (74\/112, 66.1%).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Almost half of rebiopsies (48\/112, 42.9%) met Outcome 1 (31\/48) or 2 (17\/48). Altered histological diagnosis impacted clinical decision\u2010making in 17\/22 (77.3%) patients. 21\/34 (61.8%) with an initial non\u2010specific myopathy achieved Outcome 1. B2 showed prominent atrophy in seven patients; 3\/7 had non\u2010specific myopathy on B1.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Open biopsy method for repeat biopsy was associated with Outcome 1 or 2 (OR 4.3 [IQR 1.6\u201311.5], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeat muscle biopsy achieved a specific diagnosis in 43% of cases and frequently impacted clinical decision\u2010making. The highest yield was when IBM was suspected clinically, or when B1 showed non\u2010specific myopathy. Non\u2010specific myopathy may progress to histological atrophy; the role of untreated inflammation in driving this is unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:40:00Z","timestamp":1746175200000},"page":"217-223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Repeat Skeletal Muscle Biopsy: Indications, Yield and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Khoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit Southern Adelaide Local Health Network  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Saxon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical Pathology SA Pathology  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Koszyca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical Pathology SA Pathology  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernice","family":"Gutschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical Pathology SA Pathology  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Limaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0164-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2019-002465"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502132920706"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502202920807"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118635469.ch33"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152519"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101486"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2024.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26484"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23697"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2013.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000837"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20532"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"310","article-title":"Does Previous Corticosteroid Treatment Affect the Inflammatory Infiltrate Found in Polymyositis Muscle Biopsies?","volume":"33","author":"Pinhata M. M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"336","article-title":"The Effect of Prior Corticosteroid Use in Muscle Biopsies From Patients With Dermatomyositis","volume":"33","author":"Shinjo S. K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2012(08)05"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.28426","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T09:06:23Z","timestamp":1753520783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.28426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.28426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.28426","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}