{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T14:46:32Z","timestamp":1793285192931,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces (RPNIs) are skeletal muscle autografts that can be used as \u201cbio\u2010amplifiers\u201d of nerve signals in bionic systems. An RPNI may die if its tissue does not revascularize properly; it is not known exactly <jats:italic>how<\/jats:italic> neovascular patterns are established in grafts immediately following surgery. Our research goal was to elucidate this process in 3D to provide insight for improving implantable interface design for RPNIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rats received unilateral RPNI surgery using the soleus muscle, and 5 or 10\u2009days post surgery, they received ultrasound imaging of both hindlimbs before sacrifice. Tissue was harvested for micro\u2010CT imaging of vessels and histology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Total tissue volume of the RPNIs was significantly reduced relative to contralateral na\u00efve soleus muscles from Day 5 to Day 10, indicating gradual atrophy (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). RPNI groups on both days had core vascular fractions around 12% compared to ~17% in na\u00efve control muscles. There was an unexplained change in the distribution of vessels from the distal end of the RPNI to the proximal end, with the vascular density increasing from Day 5 to Day 10 in the proximal end (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), but not in the distal end.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We expected the vascular fraction within the RPNIs' core would increase from Day 5 to Day 10 post surgery; but that was not observed via micro\u2010CT. The change in vessel density from end to end of the RPNIs over time might be influenced by the attachment site of the muscle to the transected nerve.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.70001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T09:30:25Z","timestamp":1755077425000},"page":"662-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<scp>3D<\/scp> Vascular Analysis of Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interfaces Shows Neovasculature in Muscle Core by Day 5 Post Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5594-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis L.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of Nicosia  Nicosia Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnnie A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro Ascani","family":"Orsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3371-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiara N.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akanksha","family":"Bhargava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nanoscale BioPhotonics University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2921-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Tuffaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitish V.","family":"Thakor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5726730"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay2857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003088"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"803","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Two Methods of Surgical Treatment for Painful Neuroma","volume":"91","author":"Balcin H.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British Volume)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-105089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149772"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq3665"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","article-title":"Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interfaces for the Treatment of Postamputation Neuroma Pain: A Pilot Study","volume":"4","author":"Woo S. 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