{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T14:05:55Z","timestamp":1771164355850,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n Traditional methods for assessing the neurophysiological function of the hypoglossal nerve involve placing electrodes directly on the tongue, but these are limited by technical challenges. We propose an alternative method for hypoglossal nerve conduction studies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study included 34 healthy adults, in whom compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) were recorded using an alternative electrode placement method, with the superficial active electrode positioned on the submental region and the reference electrode placed contralaterally. Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) was performed to assess decremental responses. Statistical analyses included descriptive measures, normality testing, and estimation of normative values. Univariate comparisons tested whether the amplitude and area decrement values differed significantly from a hypothetical mean of 10%. A linear mixed\u2010effects model was used to assess side\u2010related differences in hypoglossal nerve parameters.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Data from 34 healthy adults (median age 34.5\u2009years, 61.8% female) yielded reproducible CMAP and RNS recordings. CMAP onset latency averaged 1.27\u2009ms (upper limit 1.58\u2009ms), with amplitudes >\u20090.88\u2009mV and areas >\u20093.22\u2009\u03bcV\u00b7ms, showing low inter\u2010individual variability. Mean amplitude decrement was \u22120.53% (SD 2.91) and mean area decrement \u22121.62% (SD 3.62), both below the 10% threshold (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Our alternative method addresses the limitations of traditional techniques by eliminating the need for specialized electrodes and minimizing issues related to saliva interference. Despite potential challenges in patients with obesity or facial hair, this approach offers a practical solution for the assessment of hypoglossal nerve function.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.70112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T11:07:21Z","timestamp":1766142441000},"page":"427-433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypoglossal Nerve Conduction Studies and Repetitive Nerve Stimulation: Technical Aspects and Normative Data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4005-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L\u00facia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Estu\u00e1rio do Tejo, Vila Franca de Xira Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2309-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Amadora\/Sintra Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7884-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Almada\u2010Seixal Almada Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3486-130X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Almada\u2010Seixal Almada Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2990-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Santo Ant\u00f3nio Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1387-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Almada\u2010Seixal Almada Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880110506"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"A Method of n. Hypoglossus Conductivity Measurement","volume":"24","author":"Ishpekova B.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Folia Medica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00120-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"A Case of Myasthenia Gravis Diagnosed by Repetitive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation Test","volume":"8","author":"Jang I. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25374"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.3505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(93)90130-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.05.024"}],"container-title":["Muscle & Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.70112","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mus.70112","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.70112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T13:42:12Z","timestamp":1771162932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.70112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.70112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.70112","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}