{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:15:58Z","timestamp":1773098158984,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N3\u20100256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N3\u20100256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P3\u20100043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3\u20100043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2\u20100228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2\u20100228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J3\u2010 4507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3\u2010 4507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous ultrasound (US)\u2010based assessments of median nerve (MN) displacement within the carpal tunnel have shown inconsistent results due to methodological variability. Quantitative data on how different upper\u2010limb movements affect MN displacement and shear strain at the wrist remain scarce. This study aimed to quantify MN longitudinal displacement and shear strain during finger, wrist, and elbow movements in healthy individuals to establish normative patterns of nerve gliding and deformation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty healthy subjects (13 females; mean age: 31.9\u2009years, range: 27\u201336\u2009years) were prospectively recruited. US videos captured MN motion during middle finger, wrist, and elbow movements. A custom robotic device ensured consistent wrist motion and forearm stability. Speckle\u2010tracking software was used to analyze MN absolute longitudinal displacement, relative displacement to adjacent deep and superficial tissues, and normalized shear strain at both interfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Elbow motion resulted in significantly greater MN absolute displacement (3.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2\u2009mm) and displacement relative to deep tissue (3.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2\u2009mm), compared to finger or wrist motion. No significant differences were observed in MN displacement relative to superficial tissue across motions. Normalized shear strain at the deep interface was lowest during elbow motion (41.8\u2009\u00b1\u200916.6\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Significant differences were found for wrist\u2010to\u2010elbow and finger\u2010to\u2010elbow motions, but not for finger\u2010to\u2010wrist motions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Presented findings highlight the importance of joint\u2010specific contributions to MN motion and suggest that proximal joint movements, such as at the elbow, may promote more effective nerve excursion while minimizing shear strain. This knowledge may help refine nerve current mobilization approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.70136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T18:08:54Z","timestamp":1768068534000},"page":"582-588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elbow Motion Induces Greater Median Nerve Excursion and Lower Shear Strain Than Wrist or Finger Motion in Healthy Volunteers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tja\u0161a","family":"Toma\u017ein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute of Radiology University Medical Centre Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Omejec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neurophysiology, Division of Neurology University Medical Centre Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"The Higher Education Institution Fizioterapevtika  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nejc","family":"Umek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suren Armeni","family":"Jengojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical, Imaging and Image\u2010Guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Kamnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Robotics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Mandeljc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Robotics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u017diga","family":"Snoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute of Radiology University Medical Centre Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jus.2011.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20310"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15557\/JoU.2023.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.17.3.324"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.934.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363\u20105023(05)80443\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0266\u20107681(05)80057\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363\u20105023(93)90401\u2010N"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.1997.3.6.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0749\u20100712(01)00005\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01033-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2017.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01102-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891\u2010021\u201004349\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22909"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301\u20105629(01)00413\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2007.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.1.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2022.103044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102474\u20107\u201078"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072\u2010013\u20101457\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268\u20100033(03)00176\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22804"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.35886"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.26140"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.864404"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00178.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1758998315617784"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2913"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030913"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27437"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.70136","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mus.70136","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.70136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T12:47:10Z","timestamp":1773060430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.70136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.70136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.70136","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}