{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:16:28Z","timestamp":1773098188848,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22K15738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K15738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20FC1030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20FC1030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For recording the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of the deltoid muscle, the reference electrode over the acromion (Ac) has been used to avoid contamination of responses from other arm muscles to the distal tendon (DT). A recent article recommended the sternum (St) as the reference electrode. In this study, we aimed to find the appropriate reference site for the deltoid CMAP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects were 12 healthy volunteers. The deltoid CMAP was recorded using Ac, St and DT references. CMAPs of the biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB) were also recorded. In addition to stimulation at Erb's point, selective stimulations of the axillary, musculocutaneous, or radial nerve were attempted at the axilla.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The deltoid CMAPs with Ac reference had similar shapes following Erb's point (proximal) stimulation and axillary plus radial (distal) stimulation at the axilla. In contrast, CMAP using St reference was considerably smaller following proximal than distal stimulation. This difference was derived from the Ac\u2010St lead, to which proximal muscles such as pectoralis major are supposed to contribute only following the proximal stimulation. Such a contribution can be explained by the far\u2010field potential (FFP) theory, which suggests that the Ac\u2010St lead can record FFPs from muscles situated between the Ac and St electrodes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistency between proximal and distal stimulations is preferred for motor nerve conduction studies. We propose that Ac reference that enables selective recording from the deltoid muscle is the most appropriate way to record deltoid CMAP to date.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.70139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T08:00:56Z","timestamp":1768032056000},"page":"575-581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimal Site of the Reference Electrode for Recording the Compound Muscle Action Potential of the Deltoid Muscle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2278-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Hamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Teikyo University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Sumitomo Hospital  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chizuko","family":"Oishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Teikyo University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Kyorin University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6948-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takamichi","family":"Kanbayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Teikyo University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsuro","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Kyorin University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Teikyo University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Sonoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Teikyo University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Technology Teikyo University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"975","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic Studies in Cervical Myelopathy and Radiculopathy (Japanese)","volume":"36","author":"Tani T.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"381","article-title":"Prognosing Shoulder Girdle Weakness due to Proximal\u2010Type Cervical Spondylotic Amyotrophy","volume":"2","author":"Tadokoro N.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Spine Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47686.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"On the Choice of Muscle in the Electrophysiological Assessment of Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"32","author":"Schady W.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26847"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.11.1451"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199903)22:3<378::AID-MUS11>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26743"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160408"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20798"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880150118"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21931"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"254","article-title":"Neuralgic Amyotrophy Presenting Conduction Block at the Infraclavicular Level of the Axillary Nerve (Japanese)","volume":"48","author":"Sonoo M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Electroencephalography"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; 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