{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:53:37Z","timestamp":1777953217587,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005693","name":"Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Corticosteroids improve muscle strength and motor function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and are essential to the standard of care. We aimed to quantify effects of earlier versus later corticosteroid initiation on modern measures of motor function among younger patients for whom timeliness of diagnosis, and thus opportunity for treatment, is variable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We compared patients with DMD aged 4 to &lt;\u20098\u2009years initiating daily corticosteroids at trial baseline (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009114; FOR\u2010DMD [NCT01603407]) to those not initiating (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200942; PolarisDMD [NCT03703882]). Changes in motor function, weight, and height were compared over 12\u2009months between these groups. Baseline prognostic factors were balanced via propensity score weighting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Initiating daily corticosteroids was associated with significantly better 12\u2010month motor function outcomes compared to not initiating, with mean (95% confidence interval) differences of 6.9 (5.5, 8.3) North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) points, 0.47 (0.36, 0.59) meters\/s for 10\u2009m walk\/run, and 0.10 (0.08, 0.12) tasks\/s for rise from supine, each exceeding minimal clinically important differences. Benefits were consistent across baseline age and motor function subgroups. Weight gain was similar and height gain was lower among corticosteroid\u2010treated patients by 2.0 (1.3, 2.7) cm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given persistent delays between symptom onset and diagnosis in DMD, which contribute to an average diagnosis age of 5\u2009years, these findings underscore the importance of earlier diagnosis to allow time for informed discussions about corticosteroids and to optimize meaningful functional benefits during early developmental years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.70201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T07:32:52Z","timestamp":1773991972000},"page":"1073-1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Motor Function and Growth Outcomes With Early Corticosteroid Initiation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Adjusted Cross\u2010Trial Comparison"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Ciafaloni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Rochester School of Medicine  Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Zion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis Group Inc., Currently Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Currently Edgewise Therapeutics Catabasis Pharmaceuticals  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Freed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4111-4923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Guglieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Finkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental Neurotherapeutics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7988-4854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert C.","family":"Griggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Rochester School of Medicine  Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanane","family":"Akbarnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis Group Inc  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4067-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Signorovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis Group Inc  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(18)30024\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003217"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530160047012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2480"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.4315"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)32160\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003725.pub4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns8040050"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1276144"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JND\u2010210689"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EJPN.2017.04.1267"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283669"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304984"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2022.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325736"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09\u2010STS313"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JND\u2010210646"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023\u2010021\u201002158\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.02.007"}],"container-title":["Muscle 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