{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:01:14Z","timestamp":1791392474044,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence for the stand\u2010alone effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on muscle mass in adults with sarcopenia or secondary muscle loss remains fragmented. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis aimed to quantify this effect and explore whether population, stimulation parameters, and assessment methods modified treatment effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between January 2000 and June 2025. Pooled effect sizes (standardized mean difference, SMD) were calculated using random\u2010effects models (PROSPERO: CRD420251114043).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen RCTs involving 676 participants yielded 19 independent effect estimates. NMES improved muscle mass compared with control conditions (SMD\u2009=\u20090.66, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.30\u20131.02), with substantial heterogeneity. Leave\u2010one\u2010out sensitivity analyses did not alter the direction of effect. Subgroup analyses suggested differences by population and assessment method: community\u2010dwelling older adults showed the most consistent benefit, whereas hemodialysis patients showed no clear improvement. CT\/DXA\u2010based measures yielded larger estimates than ultrasound\u2010based regional measures or indirect methods. Meta\u2010regression suggested a potential positive association between pulse width and effect size, whereas stimulation site and intervention duration were not clearly associated with treatment effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low\u2010certainty evidence suggests that NMES may improve muscle mass in selected adults with sarcopenia or secondary muscle loss. Future trials should use standardized NMES protocols, reliable muscle\u2010mass assessments, and clinically meaningful outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.70396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:33:30Z","timestamp":1788582810000},"page":"1387-1397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Mitigating Muscle Mass Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5359-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"JST Sarcopenia Research Centre, National Center for Orthopaedics Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yemei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renxian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"JST Sarcopenia Research Centre, National Center for Orthopaedics Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9448-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(19)31138\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520\u2010025\u201002995\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049\u20103258\u201072\u201045"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12783"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587\u2010025\u201001004\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac220"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315491"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877\u2010023\u201004461\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102318\u20103\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/jes.0000000000000264"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad236"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab144"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890\u2010024\u201002854\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091504"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa064"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39343.408449.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984\u2010024\u201001462\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2022.103333"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life10090184"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198\u2010016\u20103662\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.23.146"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882\u2010023\u201003283\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357\u2010013\u20109575\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","unstructured":"I.Altubasi \u201cThe Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) in Inducing Muscle Hypertrophy and Improvement in Muscle Torque Within the Quadriceps Muscle of Elderly People \u201d2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12886"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000022769"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S460805"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060\u2010200103000\u201000011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004522"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E10291"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890\u2010023\u201002481\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2013.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977\u20100564"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15184073"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743\u20107075\u20108\u201068"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00138.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01459"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2014.22.406\u2010410"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.424"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/mri.2019.82002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14092892"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030449"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061814"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126270"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134\u2010020\u201005944\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806\u20109282.65.3.469"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23726"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Plaut T.","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12159"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2734"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.70396","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mus.70396","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.70396","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:43:19Z","timestamp":1791391399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.70396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.70396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.70396","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}