{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:59:35Z","timestamp":1791392375903,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K07524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K07524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26K10419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26K10419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20FC1030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20FC1030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hoover's test (Hoover's sign) is a widely recognized sign for diagnosing functional weakness of the lower limb. However, its utility may not have received a fair evaluation. This article highlights several points related to the test. First, it is composed of two subtests: elevation of the normal leg and that of the paretic leg. Both have diagnostic value, but only the former is often mentioned. Second, the popular method of evaluating the pressure felt by the examiner's hand has a limitation. I here propose a new modified maneuver exerting downward force to the lifted leg as well as upward force to the unlifted leg, and then observing the presence or absence of movement in the unlifted leg. This corresponds to the break test in manual muscle testing and is more objective than subjective evaluation of the pressure. Maneuvers that include voluntary downward pressing of the unlifted leg just prior to the main test are not ideal since these will direct the attention of the patient toward the unlifted leg. Third, a new theory of the underlying mechanism of Hoover's test based on synergistic movements is presented. Fourth, the clinical utility of the test and its various methods is discussed considering the purposes of the test. The original method in the supine position is suited to the diagnostic purpose. Some authors have stated that Hoover's test often gives inconclusive results and lacks reliability. However, this test is expected to be sufficiently reliable if the new method is employed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.70410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:00:12Z","timestamp":1789524012000},"page":"1341-1347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hoover's Test Revisited"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2410-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Sonoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Teikyo University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthoptics, Faculty of Medical Technology Teikyo University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2010.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13916"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine \u201cWho is Qualified to Practice Electrodiagnostic Medicine? \u201dupdated April 2024 https:\/\/www.aanem.org\/clinical\u2010practice\u2010resources\/position\u2010statements\/position\u2010statement\/who\u2010is\u2010qualified\u2010to\u2010practice\u2010electrodiagnostic\u2010medicine."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304607"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o64"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1908.25410090028001h"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1961.00450180095012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1962.11694610"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","first-page":"234","article-title":"A Reappraisal of Hoover's Test","volume":"51","author":"Archibald K. C.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","volume-title":"Companion to Clinical Neurology","author":"Pryse\u2010Philips W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)92286-6"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","first-page":"379","article-title":"Hysteria: 1875\u20101975","volume":"37","author":"Woolsey R. M.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Diseases of the Nervous System"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","volume-title":"Principle of Neurology","author":"Adams R. D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1474-7766.2001.00607.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1264"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","volume-title":"A Physiological Approach to Clinical Neurology","author":"Lance J. W.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","volume-title":"Merritt's Textbook of Neurology","author":"Rowland L. P.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200007000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-6317-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","volume-title":"Dejong's the Neurologic Examination","author":"Haerer A. F.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-945516"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.138769"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Abductor Sign: A New Reliable Sign to Detect Unilateral Nonorganic Paresis of the Lower Limb","volume":"75","author":"Sonoo M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050289"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31825fdf63"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2014.01.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","first-page":"328","article-title":"The Trunk\u2010Thigh Sign of Babinski, Hoover'sSign, the Sonoo Abductor Test","volume":"28","author":"Sonoo M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine and Spinal Cord"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-001817"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3135","article-title":"Weak Gluteus Maximus and Weak Iliopsoas With Normal Gluteus Maximus: Two Complementary New Signs to Diagnose Lower Limb Functional Weakness","volume":"13","author":"Sonoo M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","volume-title":"Daniels and Worthingham's Muscle Testing: Techniques of Manual Examination","author":"Hislop H. J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.3.241"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000142977.21104.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.4.432"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","first-page":"859","article-title":"Signs to Detect Functional Weakness","volume":"36","author":"Sonoo M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine and Spinal Cord"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1508-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","volume-title":"Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation","author":"Neumann D. A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pn-2024-004385"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12970"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20220182"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00765-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.177204"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801772-2.00018-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2017-001725"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","volume-title":"Aids to the Examination of the Peripheral Nervous System","author":"Guarantors of Brain","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","volume-title":"Muscles: Testing and Function With Posture and Pain","author":"Kendall F. P.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","volume-title":"Guidebook for MMT and Needle EMG","author":"Sonoo M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307381"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.70410","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mus.70410","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.70410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:43:03Z","timestamp":1791391383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.70410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.70410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.70410","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}