{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:36:57Z","timestamp":1792809417309,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical significance of stereotyped post\u2010F\u2010wave discharges remains uncertain. We aimed to characterize F\u2010wave\u2010induced repetitive discharges (FIRDs) and their associated clinical and electrodiagnostic findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the Mayo Clinic electrodiagnostic database (January 1997\u2013December 2025) using \u201cF\u2010wave\u201d and \u201crepetitive discharges\u201d and reviewed retrieved waveforms. FIRDs were defined by repetitive discharges following F\u2010wave activation, reproducible morphology within a train, and regular or semiregular firing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 20 patients with FIRDs (median age 61\u2009years, range 21\u201383\u2009years; 10 male). Routine motor conduction attributes were normal in 90% of patients and F\u2010wave latencies were normal in all. FIRDs consisted of brief, reproducible discharges with a regular or semi\u2010regular firing pattern, individual durations of 2\u201310\u2009ms, firing frequencies of 100\u2013500\u2009Hz, and amplitudes of 120\u20131000\u2009\u03bcV. Neurogenic abnormalities on needle electromyography were seen in the distribution of the FIRD nerve in 65%. FIRDs were transient in a subset of patients who had repeat studies (5\/5). Clinical and electrophysiological diagnoses included peripheral neuropathy (30%), radiculopathy (25%), polio (5%), brachial plexopathy (5%), and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (5%). Six patients (30%) had no clinical or electrophysiological evidence of a neuromuscular disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FIRDs represent an uncommon electrophysiological phenomenon seen in both chronic neurogenic disorders and patients without neurologic disease. Recognition may aid waveform interpretation, but their presence alone does not establish a specific neuromuscular diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.70438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:41:47Z","timestamp":1792806107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["F\u2010Wave\u2010Induced Repetitive Discharges: Expanding the Spectrum of Stimulus\u2010Induced Repetitive Discharges"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Auckland City Hospital  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1206-2095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam J.","family":"Loavenbruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruple S.","family":"Laughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7773-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Sorenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devon I.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Litchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5851-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Lyell K.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24074"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199609)19:9<1127::AID-MUS7>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Repetitive CMAPs: Mechanisms of Neural and Synaptic Genesis","volume":"19","author":"Van Dijk J. G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21180","article-title":"Needle Electromyography","volume":"39","author":"Daube J. R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"W.Litchy \u201cCharacteristics of Stimulus\u2010Induced Repetitive Discharges in Motor Nerves \u201dAAEE Annual Meeting. September 21 1984."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410070307","article-title":"Neurotonia: Impulse\u2010Induced Repetitive Discharges in Motor Nerves in Peripheral Neuropathy","volume":"7","author":"Warmolts J. R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600\u20100404.2000.102006359.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28220"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.70048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.45643"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12422"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90078-P","article-title":"Motor Axon Reflex and Indirect Double Discharge: Ephaptic Transmission? A Reappraisal","volume":"85","author":"Magistris M. R.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90084-1","article-title":"Repetitive Discharge due to Self\u2010Ephaptic Excitation of a Motor Unit","volume":"93","author":"Roth G.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41340"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.70438","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mus.70438","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.70438","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:41:49Z","timestamp":1792806109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.70438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.70438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.70438","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"mus.70438"}}