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In thyrotoxic muscle, the ratio between fibers showing the fast type of myofibrillar protein isoforms (fast fibers) and fibers showing the slow type (slow fibers) is increased, as is the percentage of fibers with incomplete segregation of fast and slow myosin (intermediate fibers). Furthermore, in fast fibers, the volume and, to a greater extent, the rate of Ca transport of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are increased, without changes in the affinity for Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> of the Ca\u2010pump or in its sensitivity to the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase system. These effects are completely reversed by the removal of thyroid hormones, as demonstrated by hypothyroid muscles. It is suggested that in human muscle cells thyroid hormones are critical for the expression of fast genes and for SR Ca transport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880080504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T08:18:04Z","timestamp":1104567484000},"page":"363-371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects of thyroid hormones on the biochemical specialization of human muscle 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