{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T11:54:20Z","timestamp":1761393260930},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,13]],"date-time":"2004-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4425,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to assess the clinical utility of trigemino\u2010facial reflexes in lower facial muscles, we studied perioral reflexes to mechanical and electrical stimulation in 13 patients with spasmodic dysphonia and orofacial dyskinesia and in 7 healthy subjects. Mechanical stimulation of the upper lip of the all patients and electrical stimulation of the infraorbital nerve of patients with orofacial dyskinesia elicited larger perioral reflexes than in controls. In the majority of patients, hyperexcitable perioral were accompanied by increased gain of the blink reflex. In 4 patients, however, trigemino\u2010facial reflexes were enhanced selectively in either the perioral muscles or orbicularis oculi. Our findings suggest that the quantitive assessment of perioral reflexes may provide information about the excitability of brainstem interneurons in cranial dystonia that is complementary to blink reflex studies. \u00a9 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880150906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T10:03:36Z","timestamp":1104573816000},"page":"1016-1022","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Perioral reflexes in orofacial dyskinesia and spasmodic dysphonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Helge","family":"Topka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.3.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Human nerve potentials evoked by tactile stimule","volume":"502","author":"Buchthal F","year":"1982","journal-title":"J physiol Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(87)90265-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.4.572"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"1017","volume-title":"Handbook Of Physiology. 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