{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T14:11:05Z","timestamp":1792332665824,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFA1209204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFA1209204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12474322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12474322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12504428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12504428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Optical neural networks have witnessed remarkable progress in recent years, driven by the demand for parallel, high efficiency, and ultrafast information processing. Among various optical neural network architectures, diffractive optical neural networks (DONNs) have emerged as a particularly promising approach due to their scalability in the neuron number, ultrahigh throughput, and passive low\u2010power operation. Although free\u2010space implementations laid the foundation for DONNs, on\u2010chip implementations were later developed to overcome integration challenges and to enhance compatibility with photonic circuits, forming together the two primary platforms of DONNs. Across both free\u2010space and on\u2010chip implementations, increasing efforts have been devoted to reconfigurability and multidimensional multiplexing, enabling more flexible and sophisticated optical computing functions. Beyond their intrinsic advantages for imaging and sensing, DONNs have been increasingly adopted for broader neural computing tasks, extending toward large model\u2010level functionalities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of DONNs, covering their theoretical foundations and structural evolution from free\u2010space systems to integrated on\u2010chip and hybrid photonic configurations. It further summarizes recent progress in enhancing computational flexibility through multidimensional modulation and reconfigurable control strategies. Additionally, representative applications and emerging directions are discussed. Finally, the review identifies key challenges and outlines prospective pathways toward intelligent and scalable photonic computing systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nap2.70098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:27:04Z","timestamp":1776857224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diffractive Optical Neural Networks: Pathways Toward Intelligent and Scalable Photonic Computing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yufei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics &amp; Department of Physics Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter &amp; Frontiers Science Center for Nano\u2010Optoelectronics Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Advanced Optoelectronic Integrated Chips of Jiangsu Province Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics  Nantong Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics &amp; Department of Physics Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter &amp; Frontiers Science Center for Nano\u2010Optoelectronics Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics &amp; Department of Physics Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter &amp; Frontiers Science Center for Nano\u2010Optoelectronics Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Advanced Optoelectronic Integrated Chips of Jiangsu Province Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics  Nantong Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1545-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics &amp; Department of Physics Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter &amp; Frontiers Science Center for Nano\u2010Optoelectronics Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Advanced Optoelectronic Integrated Chips of Jiangsu Province Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics  Nantong Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University  Taiyuan Shanxi China"},{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihuang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics &amp; Department of Physics Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter &amp; Frontiers Science Center for Nano\u2010Optoelectronics Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Advanced Optoelectronic Integrated Chips of Jiangsu Province Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics  Nantong Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University  Taiyuan Shanxi China"},{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010022\u201000717\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254\u2010023\u201000645\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i09.7123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2021.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.2c01516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202312825"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adm7569"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566\u2010024\u201001603\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102022\u20100109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2021.200060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43593\u2010025\u201000098\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101157\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201035506\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201035723\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.517583"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat8084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010025\u201009446\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566\u2010025\u201001749\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256\u2010023\u201000723\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566\u2010021\u201000796\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adv7434"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566\u2010025\u201001719\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010025\u201009838\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566\u2010023\u201001205\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010024\u201001511\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928\u2010022\u201000719\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201050677\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588\u2010025\u201000866\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201004714\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566\u2010025\u201001660\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010024\u201001529\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566\u2010024\u201001494\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0191977"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201053749\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201029856\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201028702\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl1203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201045982\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.404386"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201035772\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254\u2010025\u201000831\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.ap.7.4.046003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010024\u201001386\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201055058\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201042984\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg4391"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf8437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt9159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevapplied.15.014037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn9420"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010019\u20100223\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201059847\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201059763\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn7630"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010022\u201000849\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010023\u201001135\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201035349\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo6410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010022\u201000844\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd7690"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010023\u201001116\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg1505"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566\u2010025\u201001621\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.123.023901"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201042556\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn2205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201049304\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.453363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010025\u201001814\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201038786\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201048099\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado3937"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201055172\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010020\u20100303\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102023\u20100760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201061338\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202301938"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202200536"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010020\u201000431\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","first-page":"01","volume-title":"2024 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT)","author":"Cui H.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.apn.4.1.016010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201051210\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201019973\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.apn.3.2.026007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.570135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevapplied.15.014037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201004223\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102020\u20100291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jphot.2023.3273772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202301367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010023\u201001336\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202308993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevapplied.21.064025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201011331\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.010.2300180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201014795\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.541194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010025\u201001971\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010024\u201001543\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2024.230005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2024.111120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202500433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.4c01284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmag.2023.3281842"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.555533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201082791\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201090221\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202500558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.4c00116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202400201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13051148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172\u2010024\u201000211\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102022\u20100615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.539235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201030619\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43593\u2010022\u201000021\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2024 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","author":"Feng P.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.apn.2.6.066006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.apn.3.1.016010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.4c02370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/msp.2012.2211477"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.560885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.459460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201020268\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jstqe.2021.3077907"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201060626\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add3433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.527843"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_132_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2024 22nd International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN)","author":"Zhu K.","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Nanophotonics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nap2.70098","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nap2.70098","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nap2.70098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:22:17Z","timestamp":1779164537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nap2.70098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nap2.70098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nap2.70098","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-8614","2192-8614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-8614","type":"print"},{"value":"2192-8614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70098"}}