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However, the development of aqueous CDs with tunable red dual\u2010emission remains challenging owing to limitations in electronic energy\u2010level alignment and ongoing debates concerning the photoluminescence mechanisms. Herein, we report a facile hydrothermal synthesis strategy employing trehalose as the carbon precursor and sulfuric acid serving as both an oxidation regulator and a polymerization agent to regulate the distribution of surface states and endow the CDs with dual emission properties. The resulting CDs exhibit well\u2010resolved tunable dual emission bands around 450 and 590\u00a0nm, attributed to core states and surface\u2010oxidized states, respectively. Time\u2010resolved spectroscopic investigations reveal that the engineered surface motifs effectively facilitate ultrafast electron migration from the carbon core to the oxidized states. Intriguingly, hydroxyl radicals induce selective static quenching of the surface\u2010oxidation\u2010associated red emission, endowing CDs\u2010based sensors with ultralow detection limits, self\u2010calibration capabilities, and real\u2010time visualization through ratiometric performance. Furthermore, the as\u2010prepared unique CDs have been validated for the reliable quantification of hydroxyl radical levels in plant onion cells under oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nap2.70116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:55:58Z","timestamp":1777704958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Surface\u2010Engineered Dual\u2010Emission of Carbon Dots for Ratiometric Detection of Hydroxyl Radicals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yatao","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Optoelectronic Technology and Advanced Manufacturing, and School of Physics Henan Normal University  Xinxiang China"},{"name":"School of Physics and Electronics, Henan Key Laboratory of High Efficiency Energy Conversion Science and Technology Henan University  Kaifeng 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