{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:52:10Z","timestamp":1789487530750,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002543","name":"Pusan National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Complete characterization of ultrafast optical fields is essential for deploying femtosecond pulse sources in integrated photonic systems, yet conventional techniques rely on spectrally resolved detection and iterative phase retrieval. Recently, phase\u2010enabled nonlinear gating with unbalanced intensity (PENGUIN) showed that spectral phase information is preserved in an unbalanced nonlinear interferometric autocorrelation (IAC) enabling field retrieval without spectrally resolved detection. However, the original iterative reconstruction algorithm is only reliable for pulses near the Fourier\u2010transform limit. To overcome this dispersion limitation, we introduce DeepPENGUIN, a deep\u2010learning framework for direct spectral phase inference from unbalanced\u2010intensity IAC signals in the frequency domain without iterative retrieval. The model is trained on large\u2010scale synthetic data through physics\u2010informed supervised learning with spectral and mathematical constraints, providing a robust solution for the one\u2010dimensional phase retrieval problem for which no general inversion framework has been established. Validation using real\u2010world few\u2010cycle (8\u00a0fs) pulses demonstrates reliable phase retrieval over a large dispersion range from 0 to 200\u00a0fs\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . A quantitative noise robustness analysis shows performance comparable to ptychographic frequency\u2010resolved optical gating across a broad range of noise levels. The feedforward inference architecture enables real\u2010time pulse reconstruction with millisecond\u2010level latency, providing a scalable route toward integrated ultrafast pulse diagnostics and feedback control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nap2.70144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T06:15:52Z","timestamp":1779430552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deep Learning Enabled Ultrafast Optical Spectral Phase Retrieval via Unbalanced\u2010Intensity Autocorrelation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7278-9237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae\u2010In","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opto\u2010Mechatronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Cogno\u2010Mechatronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunji","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno\u2010Mechatronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3512-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengkun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"},{"name":"National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory  Upton New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6765-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungchul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opto\u2010Mechatronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Cogno\u2010Mechatronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2086-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Gliserin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opto\u2010Mechatronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Cogno\u2010Mechatronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan South 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