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By eliminating mechanical motion and leveraging semiconductor fabrication, OPAs provide a versatile platform for large\u2010aperture and high\u2010speed optical wavefront control in applications including LiDAR, free\u2010space optical communication, imaging, and holographic displays. Recent progress across silicon, silicon nitride, hybrid Si\u2013, III\u2013V, and lithium niobate\u2010based platforms has advanced OPAs from proof\u2010of\u2010concept demonstrations to highly integrated systems with sub\u2010milliradian resolution, wide fields of view, and megahertz\u2010to\u2010gigahertz update rates. This review presents a system\u2010level overview of on\u2010chip OPAs, covering fundamental beam\u2010steering principles, array theory, and key performance metrics, as well as the essential building blocks of laser sources, phase shifters, and grating antennas. Particular emphasis is placed on aperiodic array architectures, system\u2010level scalability challenges, and emerging electro\u2010optic platforms such as lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI), which are redefining the speed\u2013power trade space. Finally, we discuss future directions toward programmable, large\u2010scale optical wavefront engines enabled by heterogeneous integration and intelligent control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nap2.70182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T08:44:05Z","timestamp":1784364245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optical Phased Arrays on Photonic Integrated Circuit Platforms: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4836-8484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingwei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Micius Laboratory Henan Academy of Sciences  Zhengzhou Henan 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