{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T08:16:54Z","timestamp":1787991414383,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007900","name":"University of Central Florida","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Scalable on\u2010chip quantum photonic systems require single\u2010photon detectors that simultaneously provide high detection efficiency, low timing jitter, high bandwidth, and low noise while remaining compatible with silicon photonics and room\u2010temperature operation. Germanium\u2013silicon (Ge\/Si) single\u2010photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) offer a promising CMOS\u2010compatible platform for telecom\u2010band photon detection; however, existing implementations often suffer from limited photon\u2010detection efficiency, excess timing jitter, and challenges in monolithic integration with quantum photonic circuits. Here, we present a nanophotonic design of waveguide\u2010integrated Ge\/Si SPADs engineered to address these limitations through enhanced optical confinement, engineered germanium absorption, and optimized avalanche multiplication in silicon. Finite\u2010difference time\u2010domain (FDTD) and carrier\u2010transport simulations demonstrate efficient evanescent coupling from the silicon waveguide into the Ge absorber while spatially confining the highest electrostatic field within the silicon multiplication region. Under simulated operating conditions, the proposed devices exhibit near\u2010unity internal quantum efficiency, avalanche gain exceeding 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    , sub\u201050\u00a0ps intrinsic temporal response, electrical bandwidths beyond 5\u00a0GHz, and dark current below 100\u00a0pA, corresponding to low projected dark\u2010count\u2010rate operation. These projected performance characteristics establish a promising pathway toward high\u2010fidelity telecom\u2010band on\u2010chip single\u2010photon detection and scalable room\u2010temperature integrated quantum photonic circuits for quantum information processing applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nap2.70188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:07:36Z","timestamp":1782893256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanophotonic Design of Germanium\u2010Silicon Single\u2010Photon Detectors for Integrated Quantum Photonic Circuits"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina Ponizovskaya","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"},{"name":"W&amp;Wsens Devices Inc.  Los Altos California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Sakibul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4860-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayesh","family":"Qarony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"},{"name":"CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics University of Central Florida  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