{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T08:16:50Z","timestamp":1787991410152,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62471146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62471146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62401394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62401394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A noninvasive intelligent brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) is integrated with a reconfigurable metasurface to establish a direct neural\u2010to\u2010electromagnetic transduction pathway for real\u2010time, multimodal wave control. By combining convolutional\u2010neural\u2010network\u2010based decoding of motor\u2010imagery electroencephalography (EEG) signals with threshold\u2010based recognition of electrooculography (EOG) commands, the proposed system converts neural and ocular activities into high\u2010speed control commands, which are subsequently implemented through an FPGA\u2010driven dual\u2010polarized reconfigurable metasurface for real\u2010time electromagnetic\u2010wave manipulation. This architecture concurrently enables beam steering, polarization conversion, and radar cross\u2010section (RCS) reduction within a unified platform. Three distinct operational modes are demonstrated: polarization\u2010invariant beam deflection, joint steering and polarization conversion, and broadband RCS reduction via random phase coding. Experimental results reveal a peak gain of 18.54\u201319.29 dBi with a 3\u00a0dB beamwidth of 12\u00b0\u201315\u00b0 at a +20\u00b0 steering angle, and an RCS reduction exceeding 10\u00a0dB across 3.7\u20133.85\u00a0GHz. The proposed intelligent BCI\u2010metasurface paradigm validates the feasibility of brain\u2010controlled electromagnetic manipulation, opening new avenues for adaptive wireless communications, immersive virtual environments, and next\u2010generation assistive technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nap2.70194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T06:12:51Z","timestamp":1783145571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Noninvasive Intelligent Brain\u2010Metasurface System for Real\u2010Time Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Hai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves School of Information Science and Technology Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5845-9195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiyang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves School of Information Science and Technology Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo\u2010Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves School of Information Science and Technology Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.102172"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","article-title":"A Survey of Brain Computer Interface Using Non\u2010Invasive Methods","author":"Ghosh R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.13151"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnsre.2007.912816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102552\/aace8c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187908"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597\u2010023\u201002787\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt\u20102014\u20100126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.19.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268880"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2793211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43593\u2010022\u201000019\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwy135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201006802\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2014.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2016.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102019\u20100006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43074\u2010020\u201000006\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102024\u20100572"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2025.3643932"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201063326\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.2c01349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43593\u2010022\u201000016\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44310\u2010024\u201000013\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwad164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lawp.2016.2574118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2011.2152338"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2014.2344100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2012.2213051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jetcas.2020.2973310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2019.2916596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2020.2963945"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2024.3507617"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2017.2747844"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/emsci.2022.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304879"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2023.3240538"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203747"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2023.3335821"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17455030.2022.2081376"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.437938"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.33849"}],"container-title":["Nanophotonics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nap2.70194","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nap2.70194","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nap2.70194","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:46:18Z","timestamp":1787989578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nap2.70194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nap2.70194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nap2.70194","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-8614","2192-8614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-8614","type":"print"},{"value":"2192-8614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70194"}}