{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:58:48Z","timestamp":1785131928970,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    High fringe visibility is essential for achieving high sensitivity and low detection limits in bimodal interferometric sensors, as it depends critically on balanced optical power between the interfering modes. Compact bimodal mode converters (BiMCs) that enable precise modal power control are therefore key components for integrated interferometric biosensors. However, conventional approaches based on shifted junctions or periodic waveguide structures often lack flexibility and exhibit limited efficiency, particularly for higher\u2010order mode excitation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate compact inverse\u2010designed BiMCs on silicon nitride (SiN) capable of exciting multiple supported mode pairs within footprints as small as 224\u00a0\u03bcm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    while maintaining near\u2010balanced modal power distributions. Devices were implemented on two SiN platforms with core thicknesses of 400 and 300\u00a0nm, confirming the versatility and fabrication robustness of the inverse\u2010design approach. Experimental characterization shows average coupling efficiencies of 41.1% and 46.0% across the C band, with a near\u2010ideal modal power balance of 45.1%\/45.0% for the \u2013 pair. Furthermore, a complete \u2013 bimodal interferometer incorporating a 15\u2010mm multimode waveguide achieved an extinction ratio of 20.6\u00a0dB, corresponding to a fringe visibility of 0.98, among the highest reported for SiN bimodal interferometers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nap2.70229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T07:31:06Z","timestamp":1784964666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inverse\u2010Designed Silicon Nitride Bimodal Mode Converter for Interferometric Sensors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4686-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narges","family":"Dalvand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS)  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0013-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian L.","family":"Pita Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS)  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6053-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Le Drogoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique\u2013\u00c9nergie, Mat\u00e9riaux T\u00e9l\u00e9communications (INRS\u2010EMT)  Varennes Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Chaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique\u2013\u00c9nergie, Mat\u00e9riaux T\u00e9l\u00e9communications (INRS\u2010EMT)  Varennes Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0947-0258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u00ebl","family":"M\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS)  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/1347\u20104065\/ab2221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/470175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093254"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082\u2010023\u201004751\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082\u2010023\u201005963\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jphot.2019.2900741"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.07.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2019.2915784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957\u20104484\/14\/8\/312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2019.2907661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.24.015672"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jphot.2019.2899666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.30.003344"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386143a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rio.2022.100285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100421\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsen.2008.2011075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2011.2150734"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2040\u20108986\/ac7a48"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/optica.461981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.39.000758"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.40.000518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jphot.2017.2669527"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.41.002851"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2023.109513"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102024\u20100291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.21.010376"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.486080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.25.009160"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.40.001956"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202300298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2024.Th1A.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201064359\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","first-page":"IM2B\u20133","volume-title":"Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nanophotonics","author":"Dalvand N.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102024\u20100301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102022\u20100638"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.22.027910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.44.004702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202500768"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122821"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.22.032344"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.23.011985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2023.3342476"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.525394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2515\u20107647\/adfda1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2025.3644331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201011343\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201067927\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.503124"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.510948"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","first-page":"M4J\u20138","volume-title":"Optical Fiber Communication Conference","author":"Ruiz J. L. P.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2025.3554096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","unstructured":"PreFab\u2010Photonics \u201cPrefab: Artificial Nanofabrication of Integrated Photonic Circuits Using Deep Learning \u201d accessed March 18 2025 https:\/\/github.com\/PreFab\u2010Photonics\/PreFab."}],"container-title":["Nanophotonics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nap2.70229","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nap2.70229","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nap2.70229","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T04:59:46Z","timestamp":1785128386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nap2.70229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nap2.70229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nap2.70229","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-8614","2192-8614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-8614","type":"print"},{"value":"2192-8614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70229"}}