{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:50:39Z","timestamp":1785246639471,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,24]],"date-time":"2006-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1145836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":113,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bladder dysfunction affects up to 90% of the multiple sclerosis (MS) population. Interventions such as Pelvic Floor Training and Advice (PFTA), Electromyography (EMG) Biofeedback, and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) have received limited research attention within this population. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a combined programme of PFTA, EMG Biofeedback, and NMES for bladder dysfunction in MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Females (n\u2009=\u200930) who fulfilled strict inclusion\/exclusion criteria were recruited. Outcome measures (weeks 0, 9, 16, and 24) included: 3\u2010day Voiding Diary; 24 hr Pad\u2010Test; Uroflowmetry; Pelvic Floor Muscle Assessment; Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ); Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI); King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ), and the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life\u201054 Instrument (MSQoL\u201054). Following baseline (week 0) assessment, participants were randomly allocated, under double blind conditions, to one of the three groups: Group 1 (PFTA); Group 2 (PFTA and EMG Biofeedback); and Group 3 (PFTA, EMG Biofeedback, and NMES). Treatment was for 9 weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Baseline severity (measured by number of leaks and pad weight) showed some variation between groups, although not statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05); with the caveat that this baseline imbalance makes interpretation difficult, a picture emerges that at week 9, Group 3 demonstrated superior benefit as measured by the number of leaks and pad test than Group 2, with Group 1 showing less improvement when compared to week 0; this was statistically significant between Groups 1 and 3 for number of leaks (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014) and pad tests (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), and Groups 1 and 2 for pad tests (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). A similar pattern was evident for all other outcome measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results suggest that these treatments, used in combination, may reduce urinary symptoms in MS. Further research will establish the effectiveness of these interventions. Neurourol. Urodynam. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,25]],"date-time":"2006-04-25T10:17:14Z","timestamp":1145960234000},"page":"337-348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Comparison of pelvic floor muscle training, electromyography biofeedback, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation for bladder dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis: A randomized pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"McClurg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.G.","family":"Ashe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.S.","family":"Lowe\u2010Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02243-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.23.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"256","volume-title":"Incontinence in women","author":"B\u00d8 K","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)01070-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363020-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(1998)17:5<537::AID-NAU10>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Pelvic floor rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"99","author":"De Ridder D","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00578-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30657-8","article-title":"Strength training","volume":"10","author":"DiNubile N","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)50566-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"The overactive bladder in multiple sclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Fingerman J","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80119-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(1999)18:6<613::AID-NAU11>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(02)00067-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Therapeutic management of incontinence and pelvic pain","author":"Haslam J","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.8.986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.3.388"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Biofeedback treatment of bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. A randomized trial","volume":"157","author":"Klarskov P","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)61108-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3715-3_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(1998)17:3<255::AID-NAU10>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"698","volume-title":"Incontinence","author":"Madersbacher H","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2003.09.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(84)90339-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(1996)15:3<187::AID-NAU3>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10066"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00261-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00451721"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Pad weighing tests: The best way to quantify urine loss in patients with incontinence","volume":"166","author":"Siltberg H","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-4096.2001.02422.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(1999)18:2<139::AID-NAU9>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","article-title":"Guidelines on neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction","author":"St\u00f6hrer M","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Association of Urology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67433-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026921559701100304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02260859"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Pelvic floor re\u2010education","author":"Vodusek D","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"999","article-title":"1998","volume":"179","author":"Wyman JF","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00476-8"}],"container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.20209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T02:29:31Z","timestamp":1700533771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nau.20209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nau.20209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.20209","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-2467","1520-6777"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-2467","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6777","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}}}