{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T23:53:41Z","timestamp":1769212421671,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,29]],"date-time":"2007-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001810","name":"The Paralyzed Veterans of America Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electrical stimulation of afferent pudendal nerve fibers can evoke sustained bladder contractions (SBC) in cats, yet evidence of therapeutic efficacy in human subjects is lacking. This pre\u2010clinical study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that robust bladder contractions can be generated with a minimally\u2010invasive needle electrode.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In seven adult cats, triggered electromyographic (EMG) signals from the external anal sphincter (EAS) were used to minimize the needle\u2010to\u2010nerve distance; while reflex bladder contractions were recorded as 20\u2010sec trains of current pulses of varying amplitude (threshold to 10 mA) and frequency (1\u2013100 Hz) were applied to the nerve. This stimulation paradigm was repeated at successively greater needle\u2010to\u2010nerve distances (0.5 cm intervals) and also at different electrode positions along the nerve.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electrophysiological access to the pudendal nerve was consistently achieved, as indicated by the average threshold for EAS activation (0.31\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19 mA). Using different combinations of stimulus amplitude and frequency, robust SBCs were evoked in every experiment. More rostral electrode positions exhibited stimulation amplitudes and corresponding maximum bladder pressures (0.68\u2009\u00b1\u20090.36 mA and 25.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, respectively) that were comparable to those of more invasive stimulation methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The needle electrode provides a minimally\u2010invasive approach that will enable the study of reflexes mediated by pudendal afferents in humans, and allow pre\u2010operative testing before implanting a permanent device. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:562\u2013569, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]],"date-time":"2007-02-02T19:22:20Z","timestamp":1170444140000},"page":"562-569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Minimally\u2010invasive electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve: A pre\u2010clinical study for neural control of the lower urinary tract"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Paul B.","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neural Prosthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warren M.","family":"Grill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neural Prosthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham, North 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