{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:27:01Z","timestamp":1770751621414,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]],"date-time":"2007-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1187049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The morphology and functional importance of the autonomic nervous system in the upper urinary tract is still not completely understood. Previous histological studies investigating the innervation of the urinary tract have mainly used conventional sections in which the three\u2010dimensional structure of the intramural innervation is difficult to achieve. In contrast, the whole\u2010mount preparation technique is a suitable method for visualizing the distribution of the mesh\u2010like neuronal networks within the urinary tract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The distribution and regional variation of neurofilament (NF), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and substance P\u2010immunoreactive (SP\u2010IR) neurons, as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate\u2010diaphorase (NADPH\u2010d)\u2010positive neurons were investigated using whole\u2010mount preparations of the guinea pig upper urinary tract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two distinct nervous plexuses were detected within the muscle layers containing NF, TH, ChAT, and SP\u2010IR nerves. AChE\u2010positive nerves were seen in all layers. Only moderate NADPH\u2010d\u2010positive innervation was found. Renal pelvis, upper and lower part of the ureter showed an overall increased innervation compared to the middle portion of the ureter. Ganglia were found at the pelviureteric border displaying NF and TH immunoreactivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The whole\u2010mount preparation technique provides an elegant method for assessing the three\u2010dimensional architecture of ureteral innervation. The guinea pig upper urinary tract is richly supplied with adrenergic, cholinergic, nitrergic, and sensory nerves which suggest that the autonomous nervous system plays an important role in controlling ureteral motility and blood flow. Neurourol. 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