{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:16:38Z","timestamp":1791090998198,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]],"date-time":"2012-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005616","name":"Allergan, Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005616","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxins type A (BoNT\/A), \u03b2<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenergic receptor agonists, and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are promising agents that mitigate lower urinary tract symptoms by attenuating the sensory system. However, whether they act directly on afferent nerves or indirectly through the other cell types is unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal cord transected female mice were used as a model for neurogenic bladder overactivity. In vivo methods utilized decerebrate mouse cystometry. In vitro approaches included optical mapping of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> transient, single unit afferent nerve recordings and tension measurements from bladder sheets and wall cross\u2010sections. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of \u03b2<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenergic receptors on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our unique approaches revealed the direct effects of BoNT\/A in inhibiting neuropeptide release and firing rates in afferents following bladder injections. \u03b2<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenergic receptor agonists are demonstrated to directly inhibit afferent nerve firing independent of the relaxing effects on bladder smooth muscle. Moreover, data suggest the expression of these receptors on DRG neurons that send projections to the bladder. The mechanism of action of PDE5 inhibitors on bladder overactivity is discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The questions raised during the plenary session of the 2011 International Consultation on Incontinence\u2010Research Society meeting regarding the benefits of BoNT\/A, \u03b2<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenergic receptor agonist and PDE5 inhibitor treatments of overactive bladder are addressed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that the abovementioned agents, in low enough concentrations, can directly inhibit afferent excitability without decreasing detrusor contractility. Accordingly, they have considerable potential for treating the sensory component of lower urinary tract dysfunctions. Neurourol. 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