{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:24:03Z","timestamp":1773419043172,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]],"date-time":"2013-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIH DK067226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH DK067226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIH AR049398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH AR049398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIH DK055387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH DK055387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The urethral continence reflex during stress conditions such as sneezing or coughing is an important mechanism preventing stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Although the spinal noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways are known to modulate this reflex activity, the role of spinal cholinergic pathways in the control of urethral continence reflex has not been elucidated. We therefore investigated the effect of intrathecal administration of an acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitor, which increases ACh in synaptic terminals, and anti\u2010cholinergic agents on the sneeze\u2010induced urethral reflex in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female SD rats were anesthetized with urethane. Urethral function was evaluated during sneezing induced by insertion of the rat whisker into the nostril. Effects of an AChE inhibitor, neostigmine, and muscarinic or nicotinic receptor antagonists administered at the level of L6\u2010S1 spinal cord were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neostigmine dose\u2010dependently and significantly decreased the amplitude of urethral responses during sneezing (A\u2010URS) with an approximately 70% reduction at 3\u2009nmol, without changing urethral baseline pressure. The neostigmine\u2010induced decrease in A\u2010URS was significantly reversed by pretreatment with atropine (nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist), methoctramine (M2 receptor antagonist) or 4\u2010DAMP (M3 receptor antagonist), but not with pirenzepine (M1 receptor antagonist), tropicamide (M4 receptor antagonist), or mecamylamine (nicotinic receptor antagonist).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results indicate that an increase in endogenous ACh in the lumbosacral spinal cord inhibits the sneeze\u2010induced urethral continence reflex via activation of M2 and\/or M3\u2010muscarinic receptors, implying the inhibitory role of spinal cholinergic pathways in the control of urethral continence reflex under stress conditions such as sneezing. <jats:italic>Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:443\u2013448, 2014<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]],"date-time":"2013-06-11T11:00:44Z","timestamp":1370948444000},"page":"443-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inhibitory role of the spinal cholinergic system in the control of urethral continence reflex during sneezing in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Satoru","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeya","family":"Kitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Miyazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Sumino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00010.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903180102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.02976.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00297.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00226.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Duloxetine in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence","volume":"1","author":"Jost WH","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.041600698"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Intrathecal nicotinic agonist\u2010elicited release of excitatory amino acids as measured by in vivo spinal microdialysis in rats","volume":"278","author":"Khan IM","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00586.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2006.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.079939"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Cholinergic M2 muscarinic receptor\u2010mediated inhibition of endogenous noradrenaline release from the isolated vascularly perfused rat stomach","volume":"264","author":"Yokotani K","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66591-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90241.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08617.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08515.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2003.00212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.05.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-004-1263-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00426-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.03.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06403.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.05.090"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000084202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-005-4810-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"581","article-title":"Three most important etiological factors of occurrence of stress urinary incontinence in nulliparous pre\u2010 and postmenopausal Polish women","volume":"19","author":"Chmaj\u2010Wierzchowska K","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"737","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors about stress urinary incontinence in female","volume":"38","author":"Song YF","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi"}],"container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fnau.22431","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fnau.22431","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.22431","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T02:58:41Z","timestamp":1696388321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nau.22431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nau.22431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.22431","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-2467","1520-6777"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-2467","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6777","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]]}}}