{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:41:36Z","timestamp":1773420096931,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether transcutaneous foot stimulation combined with a lower dose tolterodine would inhibit bladder overactivity more effectively than either treatment alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cystometrograms were performed on \u03b1\u2010chloralose anesthetized cats (N\u2009=\u20096) by infusing 0.25% acetic acid (AA) to induce bladder overactivity. Foot stimulation (5\u2009Hz) was applied at 2 and 4 times the threshold (T) intensity in volts (i.e., 2T or 4T) for inducing toe movement to inhibit bladder overactivity. Cumulative doses of tolterodine (0.003\u20130.3\u2009mg\/kg, i.v.) were also administered to determine the effect of combination treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>AA irritation of the bladder significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) reduced bladder capacity to 23.6\u2009\u00b1\u20097.1% of saline control capacity. Foot stimulation alone at 2T and 4T inhibited bladder overactivity and significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) increased bladder capacity to 50.7\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8% and 79.0\u2009\u00b1\u200911.6% of saline control, respectively. Tolterodine alone at 0.3\u2009mg\/kg significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) increased bladder capacity to 65.6\u2009\u00b1\u200915.5% of saline control. However, when tolterodine at a threshold dose (0.3\u2009mg\/kg) was combined with foot stimulation, the bladder capacity was significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) increased to 86.2\u2009\u00b1\u20096.2% and 107.9\u2009\u00b1\u200910.6% by 2T and 4T stimulation, respectively. Complete inhibition of bladder overactivity could be achieved at a lower tolterodine dose (0.1\u2009mg\/kg) when combined with 4T stimulation (97.0\u2009\u00b1\u200911.2% of saline control). The amplitude of micturition contraction was not changed by tolterodine treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study suggests a novel, efficacious, non\u2010invasive therapy by combining foot stimulation with a lower dose tolterodine to treat bladder overactivity. It also provides the first objective evidence supporting an additive therapeutic benefit of neuromodulation and antimuscarinic combination treatment. <jats:italic>Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1266\u20131271, 2014<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T07:51:20Z","timestamp":1377762680000},"page":"1266-1271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Combination of foot stimulation and tolterodine treatment eliminates bladder overactivity in cats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Zeyad","family":"Schwen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Matsuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh 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