{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:14:42Z","timestamp":1784139282502,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,18]],"date-time":"2014-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are many opinions but little firm knowledge about the optimal treatment of neurogenic stress urinary incontinence (NSUI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To scrutinize the quality and surgical outcomes of the available treatment modalities in the published literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence Acquisition<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review of the published literature from Pub Med and Web of Science was undertaken for studies describing surgical treatment of NSUI between 1990 and 2013. A checklist of criteria of methodological and reporting quality of interventions in urological publications was applied to assess quality of the retrieved publications. Surgical outcomes of success, failure, and reoperation were calculated. Statistical analyses included one\u2010way ANOVA and post\u2010hoc tests to determine significant differences between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence Synthesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty studies were identified with Level 3 evidence. The quality of reporting was 43\u201381%, with significantly higher quality noted in studies published after 2002 (64% vs. 45%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). None of the studies followed a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. Three primary surgical procedures were used in 29 of 30 studies: artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), urethral slings, and urethral bulking agents. One study used a ProACT device. AUS was considered more successful than urethral bulking agents (77\u2009\u00b1\u200915% vs. 27\u2009\u00b1\u200920%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). Urethral bulking agents reported higher failures than urethral sling procedures (49\u2009\u00b1\u200916% vs. 21\u2009\u00b1\u200919%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016) and AUS (21\u2009\u00b1\u200919% vs. 10\u2009\u00b1\u200911%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.002).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The quality of evidence obtained from non\u2010RCTs is modest. Surgeries for NSUI have relatively high success rates but also high complication rates in this highly heterogeneous population. More studies using modern techniques are required to update our knowledge. <jats:italic>Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:21\u201325, 2016<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,18]],"date-time":"2014-10-18T14:49:52Z","timestamp":1413643792000},"page":"21-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Surgical treatment of neurogenic stress urinary incontinence: A systematic review of quality assessment and surgical outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2894-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawzy","family":"Farag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Urology Sohag University Hospital Sohag Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Koens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl\u2010Dietrich","family":"Sievert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"De Ridder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wout","family":"Feitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Heesakkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1981.tb02438.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.04.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08155.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"JeremyH PaulIC GlasziouT et al.OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group*. \u201cThe Oxford Levels of Evidence 2\u201d. Oxford Centre for Evidence\u2010Based Medicine.http:\/\/www.cebm.net\/index.aspx?o=5653."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09501.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772312Y.0000000008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101455"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09203.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0247-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.21256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.07.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association of Urology Guidelines 2014 edition. 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