{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T07:50:25Z","timestamp":1764402625309},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,30]],"date-time":"2014-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK067226","AR049398","DK055387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK067226","AR049398","DK055387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is common in post\u2010menopausal women. The present study therefore examined how aging and estrogen deficiency induced by ovariectomy (OVX) affect the urethral continence mechanism that prevents sneeze\u2010induced SUI in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Young (3 months old) and middle\u2010aged (12 months old) female rats underwent bilateral OVX or sham operation. Urethral activity was measured by the amplitude of urethral responses during sneezing (A\u2010URS) and urethral baseline pressure (UBP). Apoptotic changes in urethral tissue sections were examined by the TUNEL method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In middle\u2010aged rats, UBP, but not A\u2010URS, was significantly decreased compared to young rats. In 3\u2010week OVX rats, A\u2010URS was significantly decreased compared to sham rats in both young and middle\u2010aged groups, and the OVX\u2010induced reduction in A\u2010URS was more pronounced in middle\u2010aged rats. Neither young 3\u2010week OVX nor sham rats leaked during sneezing; however, SUI occurred in 2\/8 middle\u2010aged rats with 3\u2010week OVX, and after 6 weeks of OVX, SUI was observed in 5\/8 young rats and 6\/8 middle\u2010aged rats. In middle\u2010aged rats, TUNEL positive cells were significantly increased in urethral striated muscles whereas, after OVX, the increased number of positive cells was also found in the mucosa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results indicate that aging is more likely to impair baseline urethral function than striated muscle\u2010mediated reflex activity although apoptotic changes are found in urethral striated muscle. Estrogen deficiency additionally impairs the striated muscle\u2010mediated continence reflex. Thus, aging and estrogen deficiency differently and additively affect baseline urethral function and neurally\u2010evoked, striated muscle\u2010mediated urethral continence mechanisms to induce SUI. <jats:italic>Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:122\u2013127, 2016<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,30]],"date-time":"2014-10-30T19:36:57Z","timestamp":1414697817000},"page":"122-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The effect of ovariectomy on urethral continence mechanisms during sneeze reflex in middle\u2010aged versus young adult rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Takeya","family":"Kitta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery Graduate School of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh 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