{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T15:30:20Z","timestamp":1769355020510,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]],"date-time":"2015-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overactive bladder syndrome treated by muscarinic receptor antagonists may be complicated by reduced salivation. Cholinergic agonists may reverse this effect. The aim of the present study was to determine the antagonizing effect of a cholinergic agonist (carbachol) on a muscarinic receptor antagonist (oxybutynin) in the submandibular acini in a rat model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Group I (control), Group II (vehicle), and Group III (treatment). Group III was subdivided so Group IIIa was treated with a muscarinic receptor antagonist (oxybutynin) for 1 week, Group IIIb was treated with oxybutynin for 3 weeks, and Group IIIc was treated with oxybutynin for 1 week and oxybutynin and a cholinergic agonist (carbachol) for 2 weeks. Histological and ultrastructural studies were performed on submandibular glands.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Group IIIa showed moderate atrophic changes in the serous acini and ducts. Group IIIb showed serous acini with distorted wall, widening of the inter\u2010lobar space, and deposition of mononuclear cells in the connective tissue. Group IIIc had serous acini similar to Group I, with mildly dilated inter\u2010lobar ducts, but some serous acini revealed double nuclei and the inter\u2010lobar duct showed luminal vacuolations. Ultrastructural studies confirmed histological results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Muscarinic receptor antagonist administration led to changes in the submandibular gland of rats, while concomitant administration of cholinergic agonists seemed to counteract these atrophic changes. Additional studies should assess carbachol as a cholinergic agonist in treating dry mouth in patients with overactive bladder syndrome who are taking the muscarinic receptor. <jats:italic>Neurourol. 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