{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:41:56Z","timestamp":1790829716964,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]],"date-time":"2015-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Williams Syndrome (WS) is a microdeletion syndrome (chromosome 7q11.23) characterized by typical facial features, cardiovascular disease, behavioural symptoms, and mild intellectual disability (ID). The aim of this study was to assess the rates of incontinence and psychological problems in persons with WS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>231 individuals with WS were recruited through the German parent support group (52.0% male, mean age 19.4 years). Faecal incontinence (FI) was diagnosed from the age of 4 years and nocturnal enuresis (NE) and daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) of 5 years onwards. The Parental Questionnaire: Enuresis\/Urinary Incontinence, the International\u2010Consultation\u2010on\u2010Incontinence\u2010Questionnaire\u2013Pediatric LUTS (ICIQ\u2010CLUTS), as well as the Developmental Behavior Checklist for parents (DBC\u2010P) or for adults (DBC\u2010A) were filled out by parents or caregivers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>17.8% of the sample had NE, 5.9% DUI and 7.6% FI. NE was present in 44.9% of children (4\u201312 years), 13.5% of teens (13\u201317y), 3.3% of young adults (18\u201330y) and in 3.6% of adults (&gt;\u200930y). DUI (and FI) decreased from 17.9% (21.4%) in children to 0% in adults. 3.5% of the sample had an ICIQ\u2010CLUTS score in the clinical range. 30.5% of children and 22.1% of adults had a clinical DBC score. Children and teens with clinically relevant DBC\u2010P\u2010scores had significantly higher DUI rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with WS have high rates of incontinence and LUTS, which decrease with age. Most adults are continent. NE is the most common subtype. Except for DUI in children, incontinence is not associated with behavioural problems. Screening, assessment and treatment of incontinence in individuals with WS is recommended. <jats:italic>Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:1000\u20131005, 2016<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T00:01:30Z","timestamp":1442275290000},"page":"1000-1005","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Incontinence in children, adolescents and adults with Williams syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"von Gontard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Saarland University Hospital Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Niemczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Saarland University Hospital Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorina","family":"Borggrefe\u2010Moussavian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Saarland University Hospital Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Saarland University Hospital Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leopold","family":"Curfs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics Governor Kremers Centre Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Equit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Saarland University Hospital Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0903074"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-010-1908-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01887.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30344"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00666-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2013.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70086-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80272-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"von Gontard A. 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