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We investigated the effects of hydrostatic pressure and muscarinic receptors on the release of inflammatory cytokines in rat and human bladder smooth muscle cells (HBSMCs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal model of bladder outlet obstruction was induced by urethra ligation. HBSMCs were subjected to elevated hydrostatic pressure and\/or acetylcholine (Ach). Macrophage infiltration in the bladder wall was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The expression of inflammatory genes was measured by RT\u2010PCR, ELISA and immunofluorescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In obstructed bladder, inflammatory genes and macrophage infiltration were remarkably induced. When HBSMCs were subjected to 200\u2013300\u2009cm H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O pressure for 2\u201324\u2009h in vitro, the expressions of IL\u20106 and RANTES were significantly increased. Hydrostatic pressure promoted the protein levels of phospho\u2010NF\u03baB p65 and phospho\u2010ERK1\/2 as well as muscarinic receptors. Moreover, NF\u03baB or ERK1\/2 inhibitors suppressed pressure\u2010induced inflammatory genes mRNA. When cells were treated with 1\u2009\u03bcM acetylcholine for 6\u2009h, a significant increase in IL\u20106 mRNA expression was detected. Acetylcholine also enhanced pressure\u2010induced phospho\u2010NF\u03baB p65 and IL\u20106 protein expression. Additionally, pressure\u2010induced IL\u20106 was partially suppressed by muscarinic receptors antagonists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hydrostatic pressure and muscarinic receptors were involved in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in HBSMCs, indicating a pro\u2010inflammatory effect of the two factors in the pathological process of BOO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T15:43:17Z","timestamp":1472571797000},"page":"1261-1269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Hydrostatic pressure and muscarinic receptors are involved in the release of inflammatory cytokines in human bladder smooth muscle cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liao","family":"Bang\u2010Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu P.R. 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