{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:18:35Z","timestamp":1784330315439,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]],"date-time":"2018-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["#15K01376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#15K01376"]}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["15K01377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K01377"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the efficacy of tramadol on the urethral reflex during sneezing, as well as the role of \u00b5\u2010opioid receptors in the spinal cord, in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010one female Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were used. The rats were divided into normal female rats and rats with vaginal distension (VD), which mimics stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in humans. Under urethane anesthesia, the sneeze\u2010induced amplitude of urethral responses (AUR) and baseline pressure (BP) were examined after intravenous injection of tramadol using a microtransducer\u2010tipped catheter in both rat groups. The effect of intrathecal cyprodime, a selective \u00b5\u2010opioid receptor antagonist, following intravenous tramadol injection was examined in normal rats. The tilt leak point pressure (tilt LPP) after intravenous tramadol injection was also evaluated in both groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In normal rats, tramadol enhanced the AUR and BP by 33.2% and 19.5%, respectively. Tramadol also increased BP by 13.9% in rats with VD, but it did not change AUR. Intrathecal cyprodime alone did not change AUR, but it decreased BP. However, tramadol\u2010provoked increments in AUR were blocked by intrathecal cyprodime, while BP was recovered to the level that it was before administration of cyprodime. Tramadol was associated with a significant elevation in tilt LPP: 24.8% and 19.5% in normal and VD rats, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that tramadol effectively enhances the AUR at the spinal level and BP peripherally. Therefore, stimulation of the spinal \u00b5\u2010opioid receptors may be useful for the treatment of SUI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]],"date-time":"2018-02-10T06:56:41Z","timestamp":1518245801000},"page":"1605-1611","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The effect of tramadol on sneeze\u2010induced urethral continence reflex through \u03bc\u2010opioid receptors in the spinal cord in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Asuka","family":"Ashikari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3669-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minoru","family":"Miyazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Graduate School of Medicine University of the 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