{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:12:47Z","timestamp":1790035967637,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK100024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK100024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS050514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS050514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interstitial cystitis and bladder pain syndrome is a prevalent health concern with inadequate treatments. Neuromodulation has emerged as a therapeutic option to treat patients refractory to standard care. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and mechanism(s) of sensory pudendal nerve stimulation on bladder function in cystitis rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female rats were administered saline (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098) or cyclophosphamide (CYP, 150\u2009mg\/kg IP, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916) and single\u2010trial cystometry experiments were conducted under urethane anesthesia 48\u2009h after injection. Electrical stimulation (0.02\u20100.22\u2009mA, 10\u201020\u2009Hz) was delivered to the sensory branch of the pudendal nerve and its effect on the bladder and external urethral sphincter were measured. Stimulation trials were also conducted following bilateral hypogastric nerve transection (HGNT) or pharmacological inhibition of beta\u2010adrenergic receptors (propranolol, 1\u2009mg\/kg IV) to determine the mechanisms of bladder inhibition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>CYP\u2010induced cystitis decreased bladder capacity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0352) and bladder compliance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024) by up to 38% of control. Electrical stimulation of the sensory pudendal nerve increased bladder capacity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) in control and CYP rats by up to 51\u201052% of their respective baselines. HGNT did not influence bladder inhibition generated by sensory pudendal nerve stimulation in control rats, whereas HGNT and propranolol decreased the efficacy of electrical stimulation in CYP rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sympathetic reflex activity mediates sensory pudendal nerve stimulation in CYP treated but not control rats. These studies demonstrate an alternative approach to neuromodulation in cystitis and establish mechanistic changes during stimulation that may enable the development of novel therapeutics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T12:41:44Z","timestamp":1540298504000},"page":"135-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Sensory pudendal nerve stimulation increases bladder capacity through sympathetic mechanisms in cyclophosphamide\u2010induced cystitis rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9680-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University Durham North 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