{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:27:59Z","timestamp":1777588079410,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anal acoustic reflectometry (AAR) is a technique for measuring the physiological profile of the anal canal, primarily the internal anal sphincter. Evaluation of a new continuous method, recently developed for the urethra, would enable its future application for investigation of rectal reflexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients aged 18 and over with fecal incontinence (FI) were included. Stepwise AAR parameters were compared with continuous opening pressure (Op, cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O), opening elastance (Oe, cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), closing pressure (Cp, cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O), closing elastance (Ce, cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), hysteresis (Hys, [%]), squeeze opening pressure (SqOp, cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O), and squeeze opening elastance (SqOe, cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Vaizey incontinence and Manchester Health Questionnaire scores were also collected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010two patients, 26 females were analyzed. Median age: 60 (range, 32\u201075). Median AAR parameters of Op (37.50 vs 35.15, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.031), Oe (1.31 vs 0.84, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001), Ce (1.11 vs 0.88, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001), Hys (37.75 vs 19.04, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001), and SqOe (1.27 vs 1.06, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.005) were significantly higher with the continuous method. Cp (22.70 vs 27.22, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.003) is lower and SqOp (96.87 vs 59.47, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.71) not significantly different. The continuous technique had superior repeatability between cycles for all AAR parameters except Oe, which was equivalent and continuous SqOp had a stronger negative correlation with Vaizey score than stepwise (\u22120.46, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.009 vs \u22120.37, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.038).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The differences seen between the two techniques are likely to be related to the rate of stretch. The continuous technique appears to represent a more physiological measurement of anal sphincter function than the stepwise technique particularly in the assessment of voluntary squeeze function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T17:03:20Z","timestamp":1574787800000},"page":"447-454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Continuous vs stepwise anal acoustic reflectometry: An improved technique for physiological measurement of anal sphincter function?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1852-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick A.","family":"Heywood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhiram","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ed S.","family":"Kiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1906-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Klarskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Herlev University Hospital Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1977.43.3.523"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199012000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/26\/3\/011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e31823b2499"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2010.02194.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.8943"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296139"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/21681805.2013.776629"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318223fbcb"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1911568"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.1.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2001.00245.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","unstructured":"MitchellPJ. 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