{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:52:41Z","timestamp":1790707961926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditionally, the urethra has been considered a mere conduit to guide urine from the bladder to the external side of the body. Building evidence indicates that the urethra may directly influence bladder function via mechanisms restricted to the lower urinary tract (LUT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we discuss the tissue arrangement of the urethra and addressed the contribution of new paraneuronal cells to LUT function. We also briefly reviewed two frequent LUT pathologies associated with urethral dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Continence depends on an intact and functional urethral sphincter, composed of smooth, and striated muscle fibers and regulated by somatic and autonomic fibers. Recent studies suggest the existence of an urethro\u2010vesical reflex that also contributes to normal LUT function. Indeed, the urethral lumen is lined by a specialized epithelium, the urothelium, in the proximal urethra. In this region, recent evidence demonstrates the presence of specific paraneuronal cells, expressing the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and serotonin. These cells are in close proximity of nerve fibers coursing in the lamina propria and are able to release neurotransmitters and rapidly induce detrusor contractions, supporting the existence of an urethro\u2010vesical crosstalk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanism underlying the fast communication between the urethra and thebladder are beginning to be understood and should involve the interaction between specificepithelial cells and fibres innervating the urethral wall. It is likely that this reflex should bealtered in pathological conditions, becoming an attractive therapeutic target.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T23:06:22Z","timestamp":1613862382000},"page":"744-752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The urethra in continence and sensation: Neural aspects of urethral function"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5971-2537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Translational Neuro\u2010Urology, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade\u2010i3S Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8922-5713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Duarte Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Translational Neuro\u2010Urology, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade\u2010i3S Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.1997.tb00156.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655901750174872"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16499-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00035.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16499-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20914"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Incontinence","author":"DeLancey J","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22722"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2012.16.3.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00496-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00451-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08990229409028876"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23590"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.07752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23937"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000109553"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402436111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)44475-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(96)00117-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"GuntuV LatimerB ShappellE SchulzDJ NairSS. Challenges in modeling the neural control of LUT.Engineeringmissouri.edu. 2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.56.4.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00399.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.21.12008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-04-01393.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05988.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0373-14.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1994.tb16583.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903180102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(59)90012-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","unstructured":"DeLanceyJ GoslingJ CreedK et al. Gross anatomy and cell biology of the lower urinary tract.Incontinence (book). 2002. 19\u201082."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.02.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903550411"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/5\/2\/005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00270.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199907000-00069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-003-0340-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70328-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22839"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402436111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12919"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23590"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12273"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.03.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: a review of physiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies","volume":"5","author":"Stoffel JT","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01952307.1993.11735903"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)13384-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Tamsulosin in the treatment of detrusor\u2010sphincter dyssynergia of the urinary bladder in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Stankovich E","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urologiia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)42717-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2008.11760706"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(03)00137-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","first-page":"639","article-title":"Management of detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia in neurogenic bladder","volume":"47","author":"Mahfouz W","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05298.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","first-page":"S3","article-title":"The definition, prevalence, and risk factors for stress urinary incontinence","volume":"6","author":"Luber KM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reviews in urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence","volume":"6","author":"McGuire EJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e32833e499d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20844"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.63.07.642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1242061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-011-0210-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/096368913X670921"}],"container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.24632","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nau.24632","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.24632","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T08:18:29Z","timestamp":1693210709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nau.24632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nau.24632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.24632","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-2467","1520-6777"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-2467","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6777","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}