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They are associated with higher rates of incontinence in children and adolescents, including nocturnal enuresis, daytime urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and constipation. Without diagnosis and treatment, they will interfere with incontinence treatment leading to less favorable outcomes. The aim of this\u00a0International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) document is to provide an overview of the three most important NDs, that is, attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual disability (ID).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This consensus paper was commissioned by the ICCS. A selective, nonsystematic review was performed. Guidelines, reviews, and selected studies were included. The recommendations are consensus\u2010based.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ADHD is the most common ND with special relevance in clinical practice. ASD and ID are less common, but more severe disorders than ADHD. Basic principles of the assessment and treatment of NDs are provided. Incontinence is common among patients with NDs. Specific modifications and practical approaches in the treatment of incontinence in children with NDs are outlined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incontinence in children and adolescents with NDs is common. Effective treatment of incontinence should be adapted and modified to the specific needs of patients with NDs. A multiprofessional approach is recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T21:42:30Z","timestamp":1632951750000},"page":"102-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Neurodevelopmental disorders and incontinence in children and adolescents: Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability\u2014A consensus document of the International Children's Continence Society"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"von Gontard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Governor Kremers Centre Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Psychiatric Services Graub\u00fcnden (PDGR) Outpatient Services for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Chur Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Hussong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Saarland University Hospital Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital and Buddhist Tzu Chi Universtiy New Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Chase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Children's Continence Clinic Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Paediatric Gastroenterology Victoria Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5675-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Bladder and Continence Program, Yale School of Medicine Yale New Haven Hospital New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Bladder Clinic, Evelina London Children's Hospital Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2013.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0577-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1062-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0694-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Childhood: Revised edition (DC:0\u20135)","author":"ZERO TO THREE","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.5.816"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.048827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199701000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2528"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsl039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1773"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118814789.ch7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000084669.59166.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"NICE. 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