{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:41:40Z","timestamp":1785292900169,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to examine associations of specific anxiety disorders, depressive symptoms, and incontinence in a representative, population\u2010based sample of preschool children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All preschool children of a defined geographical area examined before school\u2010entry were included. Parents completed a questionnaire including the Preschool Feelings Checklist (PFC), eight questions referring to nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), fecal incontinence (FI) and constipation, and 30 items regarding Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\u2014Fifth Edition (DSM\u20105) diagnostic criteria of separation anxiety disorder (SAD), social phobia (SOC), specific phobia (PHOB), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Data of 1206 children (mean age\u2009=\u20095.7 years; 53.5% boys) are presented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>34.6% of incontinent children had an anxiety disorder based on DSM\u20105 criteria and 13.3% had clinically relevant depressive symptoms (measured by the PFC). Rates of incontinence overall were 14.1% (11.9% NE, 3.1% DUI, and 1.8% FI) and 6.3% for constipation. Rates of SOC and PHOB were increased in NE (20.8% and 25.4%), DUI (39.3% and 34.5%) and FI (35.3% and 50.0%) compared to continent children (13.5% and 17.2%). Children with constipation had higher rates of SOC, PHOB, and GAD than those without. Compared to continent children (9.7%), depressive symptoms were more frequent in children with NE (26.8%), DUI (50.0%), and FI (61.9%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anxiety disorders and depressive symptoms are common in children with incontinence. The most specific DSM\u20105 disorders associated with incontinence are SOC and PHOB, which can be incapacitating and may require treatment. Due to the high rates of anxiety disorders, it is important to screen all children with incontinence, for example, with specific questionnaires.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T07:50:15Z","timestamp":1660809015000},"page":"1800-1808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Anxiety disorders, depression and incontinence in preschool children\u2014A population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1794-3817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine","family":"Hussong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Saarland University Hospital Homburg 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