{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:16:31Z","timestamp":1779167791075,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A variety of factors influence bladder health, including environmental factors, life experiences, biologic foundations, and coexistent medical conditions. A biologically diverse microbial community exists in the urine that is likely influenced by the microbial inhabitants of the vagina. The relationship between the genitourinary (GU) microbiome and self\u2010perceived bladder health is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To longitudinally define the GU microbiome in women with self\u2010percieved bladder health sampled across multiple time points over a year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with no reported lower urinary tract dysfunction\u00a0or symptoms (LUTS) were recruited from six\u00a0clinical sites and assessed every 6 weeks for 1 year. Voided urine and vaginal samples were longitudinally collected. Self\u2010perceived bladder health was assessed with select items from the LURN comprehensive assessment of self\u2010reported urinary symptoms (CASUS) tool. We defined four life phases as follows: young (18\u221234 years, nulliparous), midlife (35\u221245 years, menstruating), transitional (46\u221260 years, perimenopausal), mature (&gt;60 years, not using vaginal and\/or systemic hormone replacement therapy). DNA was extracted from samples, and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified with region\u2010specific primers. The 16S rRNA sequencing on an Illumina NovaSeq. Microbial beta\u2010diversity was calculated using DEICODE to identify microbial taxa that cluster in the samples. Longitudinal volatility analysis was performed using the gemelli plugin. Log\u2010abundance ratios of microbial features were explored and visualized in Qurro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010four (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916 young, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916 midlife, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915 transitional, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097 mature) women were enrolled and provided baseline data. Most women in each life phase (93%\u221298%) continued to report self\u2010perceived bladder health throughout the 1\u2010year follow\u2010up as assessed by CASUS items. Temporal\u2010based microbial diversity of urinary and vaginal microbiome remained relatively stable over 1\u00a0year in all subjects. The GU microbiomes of mature women were distinct and microbially diverse from that of young, midlife, and transitional women, with genera of <jats:italic>Gardnerella, Cupriavidus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic> contributory to the microbial features of the mature microbiome. The mature GU microbiome was statistically different (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) from the midlife, transitional, and young microbiome for the log ratio of <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cupriavidus<\/jats:italic> (in the numerator) and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> (in the denominator) for voided samples and <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic> (in the numerator) and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> (in the denominator) for vaginal samples. Differences in the GU microbiome were also demonstrated via longitudinal beta\u2010diversity between women developing urinary frequency as reported by CASUS responses or objectively on bladder diary compared to women without urinary frequency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In women with a self\u2010perceived healthy bladder, the GU microbiome remained stable in all age groups over a 1\u00a0year period. Differences were seen with respect to life phase, where mature women were distinct from all other groups, and with respect to self\u2010reported LUTS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T13:14:41Z","timestamp":1666185281000},"page":"133-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization of the GU microbiome in women with self\u2010perceived bladder health over the life course"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0287-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret G.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 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