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This article introduces a novel system for organizing the complex differential diagnosis for nocturia, as proposed by an international collective of practicing urologists, physician specialists, and sleep experts: \u201cSleep CALM\u201d\u2014<jats:italic><jats:styled-content>Sleep<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> Disorders, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>C<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>omorbidities, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>A<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>ctions, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>L<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>ower Urinary Tract Dysfunction, and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>M<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>edications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Narrative review of current evidence regarding the relevance of each \u201cSleep CALM\u201d factor to nocturia pathogenesis, evaluation, and management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nocturia and sleep disorders are highly intertwined and often bidirectional, such that nocturnal awakenings for reasons other than a sensation of bladder fullness should not be used as grounds for exclusion from nocturia treatment, but rather leveraged to broaden therapeutic options for nocturia. Nocturia is an important potential harbinger of several serious medical conditions beyond the genitourinary tract. Urologists should have a low threshold for primary care and medical specialty referral for medical optimization, which carries the potential to significantly improve nocturnal voiding frequency in addition to overall health status. Adverse patient actions\/lifestyle factors, lower urinary tract dysfunction, and medication use commonly coexist with disordered sleep and comorbid medical conditions, and may be the primary mediators of nocturia severity and treatment response, or further exacerbate nocturia severity and complicate treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u201cSleep CALM\u201d provides a memorable and clinically relevant means by which to structure the initial patient history, physical exam, and clinical testing in accordance with current best\u2010practice guidelines for nocturia. Although not intended as an all\u2010encompassing diagnostic tool, the \u201cSleep CALM\u201d schema may also be useful in guiding individualized ancillary testing, identifying the need for specialty referral and multidisciplinary care, and uncovering first\u2010line treatment targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T12:22:44Z","timestamp":1674130964000},"page":"562-572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sleep Disorders, Comorbidities, Actions, Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction, and Medications (\u201cSleep C.A.L.M.\u201d) in the evaluation and management of nocturia: A simple approach to a complex diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5236-0783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas 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