{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:41:24Z","timestamp":1792618884153,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic, historically used in a clinical setting for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Ketamine usage can produce undesirable psychological manifestations including hallucinations and long\u2010term psychotomimetic effects. As a results of its fast onset and short period of action, ketamine is widely used as a recreational drug. Chronic abuse of ketamine can lead to significant urinary system complications including ketamine\u2010induced cystitis (KIC). Common side effects of chronic ketamine abuse are urinary pain and discomfort and decreased bladder compliance and voiding pressure. Cessation of ketamine use is associated with improvement of symptoms however the exact pathophysiology of KIC remains unknown, complicating the ability of clinicians to treat this condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature search was performed using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Pubmed database up to May 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal models of KIC are necessary to further our understanding of KIC pathophysiology and explore potential treatment options. In all cases, cessation of ketamine use is the first line of treatment and is most effective in managing KIC. In addition to cessation, treatment plans must be tailored to the individual, based on the severity of symptoms and disease progression, and include options such as: oral anti\u2010inflammatories, intravesical treatment and in the most severe cases, surgical intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>KIC is a painful condition that currently lacks standardized treatment methods. Both animal models of KIC and clinical trials to further elucidate the mechanism of KIC pathophysiology must be explored to create targeted treatment plans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T15:24:56Z","timestamp":1676301896000},"page":"680-689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Current approaches for the treatment of ketamine\u2010induced cystitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia 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