{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:03:47Z","timestamp":1782817427625,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates how lumen roughness and urethral length influence urinary flow speed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used micro\u2010computed tomography scans to measure the lumen roughness and dimensions for rabbits, cats, and pigs. We designed and fabricated three\u2010dimensional\u2010printed urethra mimics of varying roughness and length to perform flow experiments. We also developed a corresponding mathematical model to rationalize the observed flow speed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We update the previously reported relationship between body mass and urethra length and diameter, now including 41 measurements for urethra length and 10 measurements for diameter. We report the relationship between lumen diameter and roughness as a function of position down the urethra for rabbits, cats, and pigs. The time course of urinary speed from our mimics is reported, as well as the average speed as a function of urethra length.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the behavior of our mimics, we conclude that the lumen roughness in mammals reduces flow speed by up to 25% compared to smooth urethras. Urine flows fastest when the urethra length exceeds 25 times its diameter. Longer urethras do not drain faster due to viscous effects counteracting the additional gravitational head. However, flows with our urethra mimics are still 6 times faster than those observed in nature, suggesting that further work is needed to understand flow resistance in the urethra.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T07:09:53Z","timestamp":1684220993000},"page":"1245-1254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Urinary flow through urethras with a rough lumen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9274-7042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Department of Power Mechanical Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony G.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Stanford University Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Bracher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Medical College of Georgia Augusta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0017-7303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David L.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402289111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105456"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-020-02148-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110642"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.20311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001330302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"585","article-title":"The shape and cross\u2010sectional area of the distal urethra critically affects urinary flow","volume":"8","author":"Gleason DM","year":"1971","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.253045067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)46995-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1982.tb08953.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24930"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645706.2020.1826974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Mothering from Your Center: Tapping Your Body's Natural Energy for Pregnancy, Birth, and Parenting","author":"Kent T","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4825(00)00020-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00387381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)62498-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)63151-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/imamat\/hxt019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106978"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics","author":"Munson BR","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"509","article-title":"Effects of urinary bladder distension on the length of the dog and cat urethra","volume":"46","author":"Johnston GR","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0840485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091990203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)51980-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","first-page":"422","article-title":"A comparative morphometric analysis of the component tissues of the urethra in young and old female c57bl\/icrfat mice","volume":"18","author":"Phillips JI","year":"1981","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.00523.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)42512-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502008000700011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1996.tb01244.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2361(2000)19:5<321::AID-ZOO4>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.2003.00555.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01034-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas75-021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Reproductive assessment of male elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus) by ultrasonography","volume":"29","author":"Hildebrandt TB","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildlife Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","volume-title":"Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants","author":"Fowler ME","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","volume-title":"Blood Vessels. Histology Laboratory Manual 2016\u20102017","author":"Spitalnik PF","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","volume-title":"Dilated Lymphatic Vessel","author":"Friedlander E","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"Transverse (cross sectional) view of the trachea (wind pipe) showing the circular cartilage (gray\u2010light blue) and epithelial lining. vetpathologist. Accessed 2018.https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/image-photo\/transverse-cross-sectional-view-trachea-wind-90521116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","unstructured":"CimbalaJM.Moody Chart Solver.https:\/\/www.me.psu.edu\/cimbala\/me325web_Spring_2012\/Excel\/Moody_chart_solver.xls."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12849"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12926"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01457632.2012.624850"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65640-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2013.0067"}],"container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.25186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T20:34:56Z","timestamp":1692218096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nau.25186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nau.25186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.25186","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-2467","1520-6777"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-2467","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6777","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}